tontjj : 


A  STATISTICAL  VIEW 


OF  THE   CONDITION  OF 


THE  FREE  AND  SLAVE  STATES 


BT 

HENRY   CHASE,   A.  M., 

*  AND 

CHARLES  W.   SANBORN,   M.  D. 


COMPILED   FROM   OFFICIAL   DOCUMENTS. 


BOSTON: 
PUBLISHED  BY  JOHN  P.  JEWETT  AND  COMPANY. 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO  :     II.  P.  B.  JEWETT. 

NEW  YORK  :    SHELDON,  BLAKEMAN,  AND  COMPANY. 

1856. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1856,  by 

JOHN  P.   JEWETT   AND   COMPANY, 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Massachusetts. 


LITDOTYPED    BY   THE   AMERICAN   STEREOTYPE   COMPANY, 
28  PH(ENIX  BUILDING,  BOSTON. 


PRINTED    BY   D.    S.    FORD   AND   CO. 


PREFACE. 


IT  is  the  object  of  this  work  to  compare  the  condition  of  the 
slaveholding  and  non-slaveholding  States — the  North  and  the 
South — as  to  territory,  population,  industry  and  wealth,  educa 
tion  and  intelligence,  religion  and  moral  advancement,  and 
general  progress.  The  authorities  used  are  the  official  docu 
ments  of  the  General  Government  and  of  the  individual  States. 
The  calculations  are,  for  the  most  part,  for  the  year  1850,  and 
based  on  the  census  returns  for  that  year,  as  compiled  by  J.  D. 
B.  De  Bow,  and  published  in  his  Compendium  of  the  Seventh 
Census. 

This  work,  prepared  with  much  labor,  is  the  only  one  of  the 
kind  within  our  knowledge.  We  think  there  is  public  neces 
sity  for  it,  and  submit  it  without  further  remark. 

CONCORD,  MASS.,  September,  1856. 

(in) 


248129 


INTRODUCTORY. 


THE  slaveholding  States,  fifteen  in  number,  including  the  semi- 
slave  States  of  Delaware  and  Maryland,  have  an  area  of  eight  hun 
dred  and  fifty-one  thousand,  four  hundred  and  forty-eight  square 
miles.  In  latitude,  they  extend  from  25°  to  40°  north,  and,  in  lon 
gitude,  from  75°  to  107°  west.  This  vast  empire  of  nearly  a  thousand 
miles  square  has  a  sea  and  gulf  coast  of  seven  thousand  miles  in 
extent,  and  is  drained  by  more  than  fifty  navigable  rivers.  Through 
its  centre  flows  the  longest  river  of  the  globe,  with  its  thousands  of 
miles  of  navigable  waters. 

The  free  States,  sixteen  in  number,  have  an  area  of  six  hundred 
and  twelve  thousand  five  hundred  and  ninety-seven  square  miles. 
Exclusive  of  California,  they  extend,  in  latitude,  from  37°  to  47° 
north,  and,  in  longitude,  from  67°  to  97°  west.  With  California, 
they  constitute  a  territory  of  nearly  eight  hundred  miles  square,  with 
two  thousand  miles  of  Atlantic  seacoast.  A  dozen  navigable  rivers 
flow  from  this  territory  to  the  Atlantic,  two  of  them  finding  a  passage 
to  the  sea  through  the  far-extending  bays  of  the  slave  States.  By 
the  great  lakes  and  their  outlets,  its  northern  products  find  their  nat 
ural  channel  to  the  ocean  —  ice-bound  for  several  months  in  the  year 
—  through  the  territory  of  a  foreign  power ;  while,  borne  on  the  Mis 
sissippi  for  more  than  a  thousand  miles  through  the  domain  of  slavery, 
its  western  products  seek  a  passage  to  the  ocean  by  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  While  the  rivers  of  the  slave  States  are  never  closed  to 
navigation  by  the  rigors  of  climate,  those  of  the  free  States  are 
closed  by  ice  during  the  winter  months  of  each  year. 

In  climate,  the  slave  States  excel,  and  in  soil  equal,  the  free. 
Certain  productions,  moreover,  of  great  importance  are  mostly  con 
fined,  by  the  laws  of  temperature,  to  the  slave  States.  Among  these 
are  cotton,  cane-sugar,  rice,  and  tobacco. 

Thus,  for  agriculture,  the  slave  States  have  a  fertile  soil,  a  climate 
1*  (v) 


Vi  INTRODUCTORY. 

adapted  to  the  productions  of  tropical  and  temperate  latitudes ;  for 
manufactures,  are  exhaustless  motive  power  distributed  throughout 
its  whole  extent,  with  the  raw  materials  of  cotton,  wool,  iron,  lumber, 
etc.,  abundant  and  readily  accessible,  while  coal,  salt,  and  other 
precious  metals  are  found  in  several  of  these  States ;  for  internal 
commerce,  numerous  rivers  drain  the  whole  territory;  for  external 
commerce,  thousands  of  miles  of  sea  and  gulf  coast  with  excellent 
harbors. 

The  rigorous  climate  of  all,  and  the  sterile  soil  of  some  of  the 
free  States,  render  them  less  fitted  for  agriculture  than  the  slave 
States,  while  the  transportation  of  the  raw  material  affects  the  success 
of  manufacturers.  For  the  purposes  of  commerce,  the  North  has  a 
moderate  extent  of  seacoast  and  several  good  harbors,  whose  remote 
ness,  however,  from  the  producing  and  consuming  regions  affect 
disadvantageously  the  interests  of  trade.  The  great  lakes,  when  not 
closed  by  ice,  furnish  good  facilities  for  internal  commerce. 

In  the  origin  of  their  population  and  the  date  of  their  settlement, 
the  North  and  the  South  are  pretty  nearly  alike. 

Geographically,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  old  and  new  free  States 
are  nearly  separated  by  the  projection  of  Canada  and  northern  Vir 
ginia,  while  the  Pacific  State  of  California  is  separated  from  the  other 
free  States  by  two  thousand  miles  of  unsettled  country.  The  slave 
States,  old  and  new,  on  the  other  hand,  lie  in  a  compact  body.  Re 
sulting  from  these  different  geographical  positions  were  the  facts  that 
the  emigration  from  the  older  free  States  must  seek,  by  extended 
and  circuitous  routes,  a  passage  to  the  new ;  while  the  emigration 
from  the  slave  States  had  only  to  cross  a  border  line,  of  a  thousand 
miles  in  extent,  to  find  itself  at  once  on  its  new  territory. 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


CHAPTER    I. 


TERRITORY. 

As  the  basis  for  future  comparisons,  in  this  work,  the  follow 
ing  table  is  introduced,  showing  the  area  of  the  several  States, 
together  with  that  of  the  two  great  sections,  the  North  and  the 

South: 

TABLE  I. 

Showing  the  Area  of  the  Slave  and  the  Free  States. 


SLAVE  STATES. 

Area  in 
Sq.  Miles. 

FREE  STATES. 

i 

Area  in 

Sq.  Miles. 

Alabama                 .      .  . 

50  722  ; 

i  California  

155  980 

Arkansas 

52  198 

1  Connecticut  ... 

4  674 

2  120 

i  Illinois 

55  405 

Florida  

59,268 

'  Indiana  

33,809 

Georgia           

58000 

j  Iowa  

50,914 

Kentucky 

37  680 

Maine  

31,766 

Louisiana 

41  255 

Massachusetts  

7,800 

Maryland 

11  124 

Michigan 

56  243 

Mississippi  

47,156 

New  Hampshire  

9,280 

Missouri  

67,380 

New  York  

47,000 

North  Carolina  

50  704 

New  Jersey  

8,320 

South  Carolina  ... 

29  385 

Ohio  

39,964 

Tennessee 

45  600 

Pennsylvania  

46000 

Texas 

237  504 

Rhode  Island  

1  306 

"Virginia 

61  352 

Vermont 

10212 

\Visconsin 

53  924 

Total 851,448  jj  Total 


612,597 


8  THE   tfO&TH   AND    THE    SOUTH. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  table  that  the  area  of  the  fifteen 
slaveholding  States  is  851,448  square  miles;  and  that  of  the 
sixteen  non-slaveholding  States  612,597  square  miles;  a  differ 
ence  of  more  than  238,000  square  miles  in  favor  of  the  Slave 
States.*  Let  it  be  remembered,  therefore,  that  the  area  of  the 
Free  States  is  considerably  less  than  three-fourths  that  of  the 
Slave  States. 

By  the  purchase  of  Louisiana,  in  1803,  and  of  Florida,  in 
1819,  were  added  to  the  national  domain  966,479  square  miles ; 
an  area  greater  than  the  entire  area  of  the  United  States  at 
the  time  of  gaining  their  independence.!  By  the  annexation 
of  Texas,  in  1846,  were  added  318,000  miles  more,  and  by  a 
treaty  with  Mexico  at  the  close  of  the  war,  522,955  square 
miles ;  making  an  aggregate  of  1,807,434  square  miles.  This, 
of  course,  is  exclusive  of  the  308,052  square  miles  to  which 
our  title  was  "  confirmed  "  by  treaty  with  Great  Britain  in  1846. 

The  expense  of  these  purchases  and  conquests  cannot  be 
exactly  determined.  The  territory  of  Louisiana,  purchased  of 
France,  cost  $15,000,000  ;  that  of  Florida,  purchased  of  Spain, 
$5,000,000 ;  amount  paid  Texas,  about  $27,000,000  ;  expenses 
of  Mexican  war,  $217,175,575 ;  paid  for  New  Mexico,  by 
treaty,  $15,000,000.  Making  an  aggregate  of  more  than 
$270,000,000,  which,  together  with  interest  on  the  same,  the 
expense  of  the  Florida  war,  about  $100,000,000,  and  nearly 
the  same  amount  paid  for  the  extinguishment  of  Indian  titles, 
etc.,  etc.,  make  a  sum,  little  if  any  short  of  $1,000,000,000. 

The  manner  in  which  this  territory  has  been  apportioned  to 
the  two  sections  is  given  by  Mr.  Clay,  in  his  speech  in  the 
Senate  in  1850.  (See  Appendix  to  Congress.  Globe,  vol.  22, 
part  1,  page  126.) 

*  The  estimates  here  made  are  according  to  the  Compendium  of  the 
United  States  Census.  In  the  Quarto  Edition  the  area  of  Texas  is  given 
as  325,520  square  miles ;  which  would  make  the  area  of  the  Slave  States 
nearly  100,000  square  miles  more  than  here  given. 

t  See  Compendium  United  States  Census,  p.  32. 


A    STATISTICAL    VI KW.  (.) 


oil-  lliu< 


lie  says :  "  What  have  been  the  territorial  acquisitions  made 
by  this  country,  and  to  what  interests  have  they  conduced? 
Florida,  where  slavery  exists,  has  been  introduced.  All  the 
most  valuable  parts  of  Louisiana  have  also  added  to  the  extent 
and  consideration  of  the  slaveholding  portion  of  the  Union/' 
. . . .  "  All  Louisiana,  with  the  exception  of  what  lies  north  of  36° 
30';" "all  Texas,  all  the  territories  which  have  been  ac 
quired  by  the  Government  of  the  United  States  during  sixty  years 
of  the  operation  of  that  Government,  have  been  slave  territories 
—  theatres  of  slavery  —  with  the  exception  I  have  mentioned 
lying  north  of  the  line  of  36°  30 '." 

California  has  since  been  admitted  a  Free  State.  The  other 
States,  formed  from  territory  thus  obtained,  and  admitted  into 
the  Union,  are  Louisiana,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Florida,  and 
Texas  —  five  Slave  States. 

The  area  of  California  is  155,980  square  miles;  that  of  the 
five  Slave  States  named,  457,605 ;  being  302,625  square  miles 
more,  and  very  nearly  in  the  ratio  of  three  to  one.  Indeed, 
the  area  of  these  five  purchased  Slave  States  is  greater  than 
that  of  all  the  Free  States,  if  we  except  California.  It  will  be 
seen  by  tables  VII  and  VIII,  that  the  number  of  Representatives 
in  Congress  from  California  is  two,  which,  together  with  two 
Senators,  entitle  that  State  to  four  electoral  votes.  The  number 
of  Representatives  from  the  five  Slave  States  is  sixteen,  which, 
together  with  ten  Senators,  make  twenty-six  electoral  votes, 
being  in  the  ratio  of  six  and  one-third  to  one,  and  a  majority  of 
twenty-two. 

There  is  (of  territory  inhabited  and  uninhabited)  north  of 
the  old  Missouri  Compromise  line  an  area  of  1,970,077  square 
miles,  and  966,089  south  of  it. 

It  will  be  noticed,  in  passing,  that  the  area  of  Virginia  is  not 
quite  four  thousand  miles  less  than  that  of  all  New  England, 
and  is  larger  than  that  entire  section  if  we  except  Connecticut. 
It  is  also  larger  than  the  four  States  of  New  York,  Massachu 
setts,  Connecticut,  and  Rhode  Island.  Maryland  contains  over 


t 


thrro  tlioi 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


>usand  square  miles  more  than  Massachusetts,  and  is 
considerably  larger  than  either  New  Hampshire  or  Vermont ; 
Pennsylvania  and  New  York  are  each  smaller  than  either 
North  Carolina,  Mississippi,  Georgia,  Arkansas,  or  Alabama ; 
while  Ohio  and  Indiana  are  still  smaller.  Ohio  has  but  two 
thousand  two  hundred  and  eighty-four  square  miles  more  than 
Kentucky,  to  which  it  is  very  similar  in  surface,  soil,  and  pro 
ductions.  South  Carolina  is  almost  four  tunes  as  large  as 
Massachusetts,  and  three-fourths  as  large  as  Ohio. 


CHAPTER    II. 


POPULATION. 

The  following  tables  give  the  aggregate  population  of  the 
several  states  in  1790,  1820,  and  1850.  (For  a  table  showing 
the  population  at  each  decennial  census,  see  Appendix.)  In 
connection  with  this  are  also  here  given,  the  area,  the  number 
of  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile  in  1850,  and  the  population  at 
the  present  time,  the  last  being  taken  from  a  late  communication 
to  Congress  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury : 

TABLE  II. 

Statement  of  the  Area,  and  Aggregate  Population  in  1790,  1820,  1850,  and 
1856,  with  the  Number  of  Inhabitants  to  a  Square  mile,  in  1850,  of  the 
several  Slave  States. 


SLAVE  STATES. 

Area  in 

Sq.Miles. 

Population 
in  1790. 

Population 
in  1820. 

Population 
in  1850. 

Density 
in  1850. 

Population 
in  1856 

Alabama  
Arkansas  

50,722 
52,198 
2,120 
59,268 
58,000 
37,680 
41,255 
11,124 
47,156 
67,380 
50,704 
29,385 
45,600 
237,504 
61,352 

59,096 

82,548 
73,077 
319,728 

393,751 
249,073 
35,791 

748,308 

127,901 
14,273 
72,749 

340,987 
564,317 
153,407 
407,350 
75,448 
66,586 
638,829 
502,741 
422,813 

1,065,379 

771,623 
209,897 
91,532 
87,445 
906,185 
982,405 
517,762 
583,034 
606,326 
682,044 
869,039 
668,507 
1,002,717 
212,592 
1,421,661 

15.21 
4.02 
43.18 
1.48 
15.62 
26.07 
12.55 
52.41 
12.86 
10.12 
17.14 
22.75 
21.99 
0.89 
23.17 

835,192 
253,117 
97,295 
110,725 
935,090 
1,086,587 
600,387 
639,580 
671,649 
831,215 
921,852 
705,661 
1,092,470 
»  500,000 
1,512,593 

Delaware  ...... 

Florida. 

Georgia  

Kentucky 

Louisiana  
Maryland  
Mississippi  
Missouri       .  . 

North  Carolina 
South  Carolina 
Tennessee  
Texas  

Virginia  

Total 


|851,448|l,961,372j4,452,780j9,612,769|   11.28|  10,793,413 


(ID 


12 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


TABLE  III. 

Statement  of  the  Area,  and  Aggregate  Population  in  1790,  1820,  1850,  and 
1856,  with  the  Number  of  Inhabitants  to  a  Square  Mile,  in  1850,  of  the 
several  Free  States. 


FREE  STATES. 

Area  in 
Sq.Miles. 

Population 
in  1790. 

Population 
in  1820. 

Population 
in  1850, 

Density 
in  1850. 

Population 
in  1856. 

California  .... 
Connecticut  .  .  . 
Illinois  

155,980 
4,674 
55,405 
33,809 
50,914 
31,766 
7,800 
56,243 
9,280 
47,000 
8,320 
39,964 
46,000 
1,306 
10,212 
53,924 

238,141 

96,540 
378,717 

141,899 
340,120 
184,139 

434,373 
69,110 
85,416 

275,202 
55,211 
147,178 

298,335 
523,287 
8,896 
244,161 
1,372,812 
277,575 
581,434 
1,049,458 
83,059 
235,764 

92,597 
370,792 
851,470 
988,416 
192,214 
583,169 
994,514 
397,654 
317,976 
3,097,394 
489,555 
1,980,329 
2,311,786 
147,545 
314,120 
305,391 

.59 
79.33 
15.37 
29.24 
3.78 
18.36 
127.50 
7.07 
34.26 
65.90 
58.84 
49.55 
50.26 
112.97 
30.76 
5.66 

335,000 
401,292 
1,242,917 
1,149,606 
325,014 
623,862 
1,133,123 
509,374 
324,701 
3,470,059 
569,499 
2,215,750 
2,542,960 
166,927 
325,206 
552,109 

Indiana  .... 

Iowa. 

]VIaine 

Massachusetts. 
Michigan  .... 

New  Hamps'ire 
New  York  .... 
New  Jersey  .  .  . 
Ohio  

Pennsylvania  . 
Rhode  Island  . 
Vermont  
Wisconsin  

Total  

612,597 

1,968,455|5,152,372 

13,434,922 

21.93J15,887,399 

From  these  tables  it  will  be  seen  that,  in  1790,  the  popula 
tion  in  the  present  non-slaveholding  States  was  1,968,455  ;  and 
in  the  present  slaveholding  States,  1,961,372  ;  showing  a  differ 
ence  of  7,083  in  favor  of  the  non-slaveholding  States.  This 
difference,  at  first  so  slight,  only  7,000,  we  find  constantly 
increasing,  until  in  1820  (thirty  years  from  that  time)  it  be 
comes  699,592 ;  the  population  of  the  slaveholding  States 
being  at  that  time  4,452,780,  and  that  of  the  non-slaveholding 
States  5,152,372.  In  thirty  years  more  (1850),  the  popu 
lation  of  the  fifteen  Slave  States  is  9,612,769,  and  of  the  sixteen 
Free  States  13,434,922  ;  a  difference  of  3,822,153  in  favor  of 
the  Free  States.  Thus,  from  having  a  majority  of  less  than 
four-tenths  of  one  per  cent  in  1790,  the  Free  States  had  in 


A   STATISTICAL    VIEW.  18 

1850  a  majority  of  more  than  thirty-nine  per  cent.  And  this, 
notwithstanding  87,000  inhabitants  were  added  to  the  Slave 
States  by  the  annexation  of  Louisiana  and  Florida,  and  a  large 
population  by  the  annexation  of  Texas. 

The  average  number  of  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile,  in  the 
Slave  States,  is  11.28,  and  in  the  Free  States  21.93;  almost 
exactly  two  to  one. 

On  examining  this  table  a  little  in  detail,  we  notice  the  fol 
lowing,  among  many  other  interesting  facts : 

The  area  of  Virginia  is  61,352  miles ;  that  of  New  York  is 
47,000,  or  over  14,000  square  miles  less  than  that  of  Virginia. 
The  population  of  Virginia,  in  1790,  was  748,308,  and  in  1850 
it  .was  1,421,661.  It  had  not  doubled  in  sixty  years.  The 
population  of  New  York  in  1790  was  340,120,  in  1850  it  was 
3,097,394 ;  thus,  New  York  had  multiplied  her  population  more 
than  nine  times  in  the  same  period.  Kentucky  has  an  area  of 
37,680  square  miles,  and  Ohio  39,964,  a  little  over  two  thousand 
miles  greater.  Kentucky  had  in  1850  a  population  of  982,405, 
and  Ohio  1,980,329,  or  nearly  a  million  more  than  Kentucky. 
Kentucky  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1792,  and  Ohio  in 
1802.  The  area  of  Mississippi  is  47,156  square  miles,  that 
of  Pennsylvania,  46,000.  The  population  of  Mississippi  was, 
in  1850  (in  round  numbers),  606,000,  that  of  Pennsylvania, 
2,300,000.  The  number  of  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile  in 
North  Carolina  was,  in  1850,  a  little  over  seventeen,  and  in 
New  Hampshire  thirty-four ;  in  Tennessee  twenty-one,  and  in 
Ohio  forty-nine  ;  in  South  Carolina  twenty-two,  and  in  Massa 
chusetts  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven. 

These  comparisons  are  based  upon  the  population  as  it  was 
in  1850.  The  tables  likewise  show  the  present  population,  as 
given  in  a  recent  communication  to  Congress,  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury.  By  this  it  will  be  seen  that  the  ratio  of  in 
crease  still  continues;  there  being  now  a  majority  of  5,093,986 
or  over  forty-seven  per  cent,  in  favor  of  the  Free  States 
2 


14  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

According  to  the  same  ratio,  in  less  than  three  years  more 
than  two-thirds  of  the  entire  population  of  the  Union  will  be 
found  in  the  Free  States. 

The  entire  white  population  of  the  two  sections,  at  each 
decennial  census,  from  1790  to  1850,  is  as  follows  (for  a 
statement  of  white  population  at  each  census,  see  Appendix)  : 

Slaveholding  States.  Non-slaveholding  States. 


In  1790 

1,271,488 

In  1790 

1,900,976 

1800 

1,692,914 

1800 

2,601,509 

1810 

2,192,706 

1810 

3,653,219 

1820 

2,808,946 

1820 

5,030,377 

1830 

3,633,195 

1830 

6,871,302 

1840 

4,601,873 

1840 

9,557,065 

1850 

6,184,477 

1850 

13,238,670 

The  difference  of  increase  here  may  perhaps  seem  more 
remarkable  than  in  the  aggregate  population.  The  white  popu 
lation  of  the  present  Slave  States  was,  in  1790,  1,271,448, 
and  of  the  present  non-slaveholding  States,  at  the  same  time, 
1,900,976,  a  difference  of  629,488 ;  not  quite  fifty  per  cent,  in 
favor  of  the  non-slaveholding  states.  In  1850  that  difference 
had  become  7,054,193,  or  over  one  hundred  and  fourteen  per 
cent.  In  other  words,  the  white  population  in  the  Free  States 
had  become  869,716  more  than  double  that  in  the  Slave  States. 
The  population  of  the  latter  being  6,184,477,  and  that  of  the 
former  13,238,670. 

How  far  this  difference,  both  of  population  and  its  increase, 
in  the  two  sections,  is  due  to  foreign  immigration,  may  be  seen 
from  the  following  statement  ( Census  Compendium,  p.  45) : 
"  There  are  now  726,450  persons  living  in  slaveholding  States, 
who  are  natives  of  non-slaveholding  States,  and  232,112  per 
sons  living  in  non-slaveholding  States,  who  are  natives  of  slave- 
holding  States.  There  are  1,866,397  persons  of  foreign  birth  in 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW. 


15 


the  non-slaveholding  States,  and  378,205  in  the  slaveholding." 
There  are  then  494,338  more  natives  of  non-slaveholding 
States  in  slaveholding  States,  than  there  are  of  slaveholding 
in  the  non-slaveholding  States;  while  there  are  1,488,192  more 
persons  of  foreign  birth  in  the  non-slaveholding  than  in  the 
slaveholding  States ;  which  gives  less  than  a  million  more  per 
sons  residing  in  non-slaveholding  States,  who  were  not  born 
there,  than  in  the  slaveholding  States,  nearly  all  of  whom  are 
white  inhabitants.  The  difference  is  nearly  4,000,000  in  the 
aggregate,  and  more  than  7,000,000  in  the  white  population, 
and  is  not  therefore  due  to  this  cause. 

The  following  tables   show   the   white    population   of  the 
several  States  in  1790,  1820,  and  1850 : 


TABLE  IV. 

White  Population  of  the  Slave  States  in  1790,  1820,  and  1850. 


SLAVE   STATES. 

1790. 

1820. 

1850. 

Alabama  

85,451 

426,514 

Arkansas  

12,579 

162,189 

Delaware  

46,310 

55,282 

71,169 

Florida  

47,203 

Georgia  . 

52  886 

189  566 

521,572 

Kentucky 

61  133 

434  644 

761  413 

Louisana  

73,383 

255,491 

Maryland  

208  649 

260  223 

417,943 

Mississippi  

42  176 

295,718 

Missouri  

55  988 

592  004 

North  Carolina  

288,204 

419,200 

553,028 

South  Carolina  

140  178 

237  440 

274,563 

Tennessee  

32  013 

339  927 

756,836 

Texas  

154  034 

Virginia  

44°  115 

603  087 

894  800 

Total  

1  271  488 

2  808  946 

6  184  477 

16 


THE   NORTH   AND    THE    SOUTH. 


TABLE   V 

White  Population  of  the  Free  States  in  1790,  1820,  and  1850. 


FREE    STATES. 

1790 

1820 

1850 

California   

91,635 

Connecticut          .... 

232  581 

267,161 

363,099 

1  llinois 

53  788 

846,034 

Indiana  

145,758 

977,154 

Iowa  

191,881 

INIainc 

96  002 

297,340 

581,813 

Mas  ^  achusetts 

373  254 

516419 

985,450 

Michigan  

8,591 

395,071 

New  Hampshire  

141,111 

243,236 

317,456 

]S^ew  Jersey  

169  954 

257,409 

465,509 

Jsow  York 

314  142 

1  332,744 

3,048,325 

Ohio 

576  572 

1  955  050 

Pennsylvania  

424,099 

1,017,094 

2,258,160 

Rhode  Island  

64,689 

79,413 

143,875 

Vermont  

85,144 

234,846 

313,402 

AVisconsin     

304  756 

Total 1,900,976        5,030,377        13,238,670 


The  whole  number  of  slaveholders  in  the  Slave  States,  in 
1850,  was  346,048  ;  and  of  this  number  173,204  hold  less  than 
five  slaves  each,  leaving  172,844  who  are  holders  of  more  than 
four  slaves ;  and,  if  we  deduct  the  numbers  holding  less  than 
ten  slaves  each,  there  will  remain  92,215.  The  whole  number 
of  slaveholders,  then,  is  less  than  350,000,  including  females 
and  minors.  The  number  of  voters  in  this  class  is  therefore 
much  smaller.  But,  counting  them  all  as  voters,  they  are  less 
than  the  number  of  freemen  who  voted  at  the  last  Presidential 
election  in  New  England,  even  without  including  Vermont. 
They  are  less  than  the  number  who  voted  in  either  Pennsyl 
vania  or  Ohio,  and  less  than  two-thirds  the  number  who  voted 
in  New  York. 

The  annexed  table  shows  the  free  colored  population  of  the 
United  States.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  number  of  free  colored 
inhabitants  in  the  Free  States  is  196,016,  and  in  the  Slave  States 

2* 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  17 

228,128,  mingled  with  a  white  population  of  less  than  half  that 
of  the  Free  States.  This,  of  course,  does  not  include  the  Dis 
trict  of  Columbia,  in  which  there  are  over  10,000  free  colored 
persons ;  while  the  number  in  the  Free  States  includes  those  in 
New  Jersey,  in  which  there  are  over  23,000,  of  whom  20,000 
were  born  in  the  State.  Indeed,  if  we  examine  the  table 
giving  the  nativities  of  the  free  colored  persons,  we  shall  see 
that  the  number  who  still  reside  in  the  States  where  they  were 
born  is  354,470,  out  of  the  whole  number,  454,495,  which  is 
over  eighty-one  per  cent. 

On  page  81  of  the  Census  Compendium,  in  connection  with 
a  table  showing  the  occupation  of  the  free  colored  males  over 
fifteen  years  of  age,  it  is  stated  that  in  New  York  city  there  is 
one  in  fifty-five  engaged  in  pursuits  requiring  education ;  while 
in  New  Orleans  one  in  eleven  is  engaged  in  similar  pur 
suits.  In  Connecticut,  one  in  a  hundred  is  thus  employed,  and 
in  Louisiana  one  in  twelve. 

These  are  the  only  cities  and  States  compared  in  this  way  in 
the  Census.  It  may  be  a  fact  a  little  surprising  to  some,  that, 
while  the  ratio  of  the  free  colored  inhabitants  engaged  in  pur 
suits  requiring  education  in  Louisiana  is  one-twelfth  of  the 
whole,  the  ratio  of  the  entire  white  male  population  engaged  in 
the  pursuits  in  the  same  State  is  less  than  one-eighteenth  of 
the  whole. 

The  increase  in  the  present  slaveholding  States,  from  1840 
to  1850,  is  10.49  per  cent.,  and  in  the  non-slaveholding  States 
14.98  per  cent. ;  being  four  and  a  half  per  cent,  greater  in  the 
Free  than  in  the  Slave  States.  The  proportion  of  free  colored 
persons  to  the  total  population,  in  some  of  the  States,  is  quite 
considerable;  being  greatest  in  Maryland  and  Delaware, — 
in  the  former  twelve,  and  in  the  latter  nineteen  per  cent. 

Had  we  not  the  example  of  De  Bow's  Compendium,  we 
might  be  uncertain  how  to  regard  the  slaves,  whether  as  men, 


18 


THE  NOKTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


TABLE  VI. 

Free  Colored  Population  of  the  United  States  in  the  years  1790,  1820,  1850 


SLATE  STATES. 

1790 

1820 

1850 

FREE  STATES. 

1790 

1820 

1850 

Alabama  
Arkansas  .    ... 
Delaware  
Florida 

3,899 

571 
59 
12,958 

2.265 
608 
18,073 
932 

1  California  
j  Connecticut.  .  .  . 
Illinois  
'  Indiana 

2,801 

7.844 
457 
1,230 

962 
7,693 
5,436 
11,262 

Georgia  

398 

2,931 

i  Iowa  

333 

Kentucky.    .  .  . 
Louisiana 
Maryland  .    ... 
Mississippi    ... 
Missouri  

114 
8,043 

2,759 
10,476 
39,730 
458 
347 

10,011 
17,462 

74.723 
'930 
2,618 

i  Maine  
!  Massachusetts   . 
Michigan  
New  Hampshire 
'  New  Jersey  .  .    . 

538 
5,463 

630 

2,762 

929 

6,740 
174 
786 
12,460 

1.356 
9,064 
2,583 
520 
23.810 

North  Carolina  . 
South  Carolina. 

4.975 

1,801 

14.612 

6^826 

27,463 
8,960 

'New  York  
j  Ohio  

4,654 

29,279 
4,723 

49,069 
25,279 

Tennessee  
Texas.  . 

361 

2,727 

6,422 
397 

Pennsylvania    . 
Rhode  Island 

6,537 
3  469 

30,202 
3  554 

53,626 
3,670 

Virginia  

12,766 

33,889 

54,333 

I  Vermont  

255 

903 

718 

635 

Total  

32,367 

128,412 

228  128 

Total  

27109 

99281 

196,016 

to  be  enumerated  as  so  many  inhabitants,  or  as  so  much  prop 
erty,  estimated  at  so  much  per  head ;  or,  taking  a  middle  course, 
to  consider  them  three-fifths  intelligent  man,  and  two-fifths  un 
intelligent  property ;  thus  realizing  what  was  anciently  but  a 
fabulous  monster,  the  Centaur,  having  the  head  of  a  man  and 
the  body  of  a  horse.      These  three  plans  are  all  adopted  in  the 
Census   Compendium.     The  number  of  slaves  in  the  present 
slaveholding  States  was  as  follows : 

In  1790     '•«      /.     ,..'-.  j  .        .          657,527 
«    1800     :_.  .      .        ...  '    .-     '.         853,851 

«  1810  .  .  \  .  .  .  1,158,459 
"  1820  v  .  .  v  •  1,512,553 
"  1830  ;.  ,  „  f.  ,  .  2,001,610 
«  1840  ".  .  .  '.  ',(  .  2,481,632 
"  1850  .  .  .,,•  .  ;  .  3,200,304 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  there  has  been  a  constant  in 
crease,  until  there  were,  in  1850,  over  three  millions;  being 
almost  one-third  of  the  entire  population  of  tlie  Slave  States,  — 
more  than  double  the  population  of  either  Norway  or  Den- 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  19 

mark,  —  greater  than  that  of  Netherlands,  Switzerland,  Scot 
land,  or  Sweden,  —  and  not  quite  three  hundred  thousand  less 
than  that  of  Portugal. 

Some  very  interesting  facts  may  be  gathered  from  the  census 
tables  with  regard  to  this  class.  If  we  examine,  for  instance, 
the  table  with  regard  to  the  "  Increase  and  Decrease  per  cent, 
of  the  Slave  Population  of  the  several  States  at  each  census  " 
(see  Appendix),  we  shall  see,  what  is  indeed  remarked  in  the 
Census  Compendium,  that  "  the  increase  of  slaves  in  the  southern 
Atlantic  States  has  only  averaged  about  two  per  cent  per 
annum  in  fifty  years,  though  averaging  eighteen  per  cent  per 
annum  in  the  Gulf  States,  etc.,  for  the  last  twenty  years." 
Thus,  in  South  Carolina  this  increase  diminished  from  thirty- 
six  per  cent  in  1790  to  seventeen  per  cent  in  1850 ;  and, 
indeed,  in  1840  it  was  but  three  per  cent.  In  North  Carolina 
it  is  about  the  same.  In  Maryland,  from  an  increase  it  has 
become  a  decrease,  and  that,  too,  at  a  rapid  rate.  In  Virginia 
the  ratio  of  increase  has  diminished  from  seventeen  to  five  per 
cent,  and  generally  the  ratio  of  increase  has  been  of  late  less 
than  that  of  the  white  population.  In  the  Gulf  States,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  increase  has  in  many  instances  been  immense, 
and  much  more  rapid  than  that  of  the  white  population.  The 
cause  of  this  is  given  by  those  who  have  the  best  opportunity 
to  know  the  facts,  as  follows : 

Hon.  Henry  Clay  of  Kentucky,  in  a  speech,  in  1829,  before 
the  Colonization  Society,  says :  "  It  is  believed  that  nowhere 
in  the  farming  portion  of  the  United  States  would  slave  labor 
be  generally  employed,  if  the  proprietors  were  not  tempted  to 
raise  slaves  by  the  high  price  of  the  southern  markets,  which 
keeps  it  up  in  his  own." 

Professor  Dew,  once  President  of  William  and  Mary  College 
in  Virginia,  in  his  review  of  the  debates  in  the  Virginia  Legis 
lature  in  1831-2,  says :  "  From  all  the  information  we  can 
obtain,  we  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  upwards  of  six 


20  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

thousand  [slaves]  are  yearly  exported  [from  Virginia]  to 
other  States."  Again :  "  A  full  equivalent  being  thus  left  in 
the  place  of  the  slave,  this  emigration  becomes  an  advantage 
to  the  State,  and  does  not  check  the  black  population  as  much 
as,  at  first  view,  we  might  imagine ;  because  it  furnishes  every 
inducement  to  the  master  to  attend  to  the  negroes,  to  encourage 
breeding,  and  to  cause  the  greatest  number  possible  to  be 
raised.  *  *  Virginia  is,  in  fact,  a  negro-raising  State  for 
other  States." 

The  extent  of  this  domestic  slave  trade  is  not  given  in  De 
Bow's  census  tables,  but  we  may,  by  an  easy  computation 
from  the  tables,  arrive  at  something  near  the  truth,  so  far  as 
they  are  reliable  in  such  matters. 

On  page  87  of  the  Compendium,  we  find  the  decennial  in 
crease  of  Slaves  in  the  United  States  to  be  as  follows :  between 
1790  and  1800,  27.9 ;  between  1800  and  1810,  33.4;  between 
1810  and  1820,  29.1 ;  between  1820  and  1830,  30.6 ;  between 
1830  and  1840,  23.8.  The  average  of  these  ratios  is  28.96. 
In  1840,  the  slave-exporting  States,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Vir 
ginia,  North  and  South  Carolina,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee, 
contained  1,479,601  slaves.  Had  they  increased  in  the  ratio 
of  28.96  per  cent.,  the  number  in  1850  would  have  been 
1,908,093.  The  actual  number  given  is  1,689,158,  being  a 
difference  of  218,935,  or  21,893  for  each  year,  to  be  accounted 
for.  Applying  the  same  rule  to  the  slave-importing  states,  we 
have  the  following  result :  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Louisi 
ana,  Mississippi,  Arkansas,  and  Missouri  contained  in  1840 
1 ,002,03 1  slaves.  Increasing  in  the  ratio  of  28.9  6  per  cent,  their 
number  in  1850  would  have  been  1,292,219.  The  number 
given  in  the  census  is  1,453,035  ;  a  difference  the  other  way  of 
160,816,  or  16,081  per  year,  which  they  had  received  by  im 
portation. 

The  difference  of  nearly  6,000  between  the  import  and 
export  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  following :  A  writer  in 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  21 

the  New  Orleans  Argus,  in  1830,  says :  "  The  loss  by  death  in 
bringing  slaves  from  a  northern  climate,  which  our  planters  are 
under  the  necessity  of  doing,  is  not  less  than  twenty-five  per 
cent."  And  the  planters  in  those  States,  when  advertising  for 
sale  a  plantation  and  a  lot  of  negroes,  always  mention  dis 
tinctly  the  fact  that  they  are  "  acclimated  "  (if  that  be  the  case), 
as  enhancing  their  value. 

The  number  which  the  figures  would  seem  to  indicate  as  sold 
from  the  North  to  the  South  is  no  doubt  very  low ;  it  certainly 
is  so,  if  we  take  the  estimate  of  Southern  men.  The  Virginia 
Times,  in  1836,  estimates  the  number  of  slaves  exported  for 
sale  during  a  single  year  at  forty  thousand. 

In  1837,  a  committee  was  appointed,  by  the  citizens  of 
Mobile,  to  investigate  the  causes  of  the  existing  pecuniary 
pressure.  In  their  report  they  say :  "  So  large  has  been  the 
return  of  slave  labor,  that  purchases  by  Alabama  of  that  spe 
cies  of  property  from  other  States,  since  1833,  have  amounted 
to  ten  millions  of  dollars  annually." 

Rev.  Dr.  Graham,  of  Fayetteville,  North  Carolina,  said  in 
1837 :  "  There  were  nearly  seven  thousand  slaves  offered  in 
New  Orleans  market  last  winter.  From  Virginia  alone,  six 
thousand  were  annually  sent  to  the  South ;  and  from  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina  there  had  gone  to  the  South,  in  the  last 
twenty  years,  three  hundred  thousand  slaves." 

Mr.  Gholson,  of  Virginia,  in  a  speech  in  the  Legislature  of 
that  State,  January  18,  1831,  says :  "  It  has  always  (perhaps 
erroneously)  been  considered,  by  steady  and  old-fashioned 
people,  that  the  owner  of  land  had  a  reasonable  right  to  its 
annual  profits ;  the  owner  of  orchards  to  their  annual  fruits ; 
the  owners  of  brood  mares  to  their  product ;  and  the  owners 
of  female  slaves  to  their  increase.  We  have  not  the  fine 
spun  intelligence  nor  legal  acumen  to  discover  the  technical 
distinctions  drawn  by  some  gentlemen.  The  legal  maxim 
of  partus  sequitur  ventrem  is  coeval  with  the  existence 
of  the  right  of  property  itself,  and  is  founded  in  wisdom  and 


22  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

justice.  It  is  on  the  justice  and  inviolability  of  this  maxim 
that  the  master  forgoes  the  service  of  the  female  slave,  has  her 
nursed  and  attended  during  the  period  of  her  gestation,  and 
raises  the  helpless  infant  offspring.  The  value  of  the  property 
justifies  the  expense,  and  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  in  its 
increase  consists  much  of  our  wealth." 

The  following,  copied  from  a  recent  number  of  the  Richmond 
Dispatch,  will  show  the  present  condition  of  the  trade : 

"HiGH  PRICE  FOR  SLAVES.  —  There  has  been  a  greater 
demand  for  slaves  in  this  city,  during  the  months  of  May,  June 
and  July,  than  ever  known  before,  and  they  have  commanded 
better  prices  during  that  time.  The  latter  is  an  unusual  thing, 
as  the  summer  months  are  generally  the  dullest  in  the  year  for 
that  description  of  property.  Prime  field  hands  (women)  will 
now  bring  from  $1,000  to  $1,100,  and  men  from  $1,250  to 
$1,500.  Not  long  since,  a  likely  negro  girl  sold  in  this  city,  at 
private  sale,  for  $1,700.  A  large  number  of  negroes  are 
bought  on  speculation,  and  probably  there  is  not  less  than 
$1,000,000  in  town,  now,  seeking  investure  in  such  property." 

From  the  above,  and  similar  sources  of  information,  we  may 
safely  estimate  the  number  of  slaves  annually  sold  from  the 
Northern  Slave  States  to  the  Southern  at  25,000.  An  interesting 
feature  of  this  traffic  will  appear  on  examination  of  the  Census 
Table,  showing  the  "ratio  of  ages  of  the  slaves  in  1850."  * 

In  the  States  of  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and 
South  Carolina,  the  average  number  of  slaves  between  twenty 
and  thirty  years  of  age  is  16.72  per  cent.  In  the  States  of 
Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Florida,  Arkansas,  Louisi 
ana,  and  Texas,  the  number  between  the  same  ages  is  19.29 
per  cent.  In  like  manner,  in  the  four  first-mentioned  States  the 
average  number  between  thirty  and  forty  years  of  age  is  10.27 
per  cent,  and  in  the  seven  last  mentioned  it  is  11.94  per  cent. 

*  See  Census  Compeiid.,  pp.  89-90. 


A   STATISTICAL   VIEW.  23 

On  the  other  hand,  the  number  between  sixty  and  seventy 
years  of  age  is,  in  the  four  exporting  States,  2.76  per  cent, 
and  in  the  seven  importing  States,  1.94  per  cent;  also, between 
seventy  and  eighty  years  old,  the  number  is,  in  the  first  four 
1.16,  and  in  the  others  but  .55  per  cent.  Showing  that  in  the 
slave-importing  States  the  number  of  slaves  between  twenty 
and  forty  years  of  age  is  at  least  fifteen  per  cent  greater  than 
in  the  exporting ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  in  the  slave-ex 
porting  States,  the  number  of  slaves  between  sixty  and  eighty 
years  of  age  is  more  than  fifty  per  cent  greater  than  in  the 
importing.  This  is  the  more  remarkable,  since  exactly  the 
reverse  is  true  of  the  free  colored  population  in  those  same 
States,  as  will  be  seen  by  a  similar  analysis  of  the  table  on 
page  75  of  the  Compendium. 

Another  fact  with  regard  to  the  slave  population  of  the 
South,  and  one  which  must  soon  become  of  great  interest,  is 
the  increasing  ratio  of  the  slave  to  the  free  population.  By  a 
table  on  the  85th  page  of  the  Compendium*  it  will  be  seen 
that,  in  the  words  of  the  Census  Report,  "  while  the  proportion 
has  been  increasing  for  the  slaves  in  the  Southern  States  gen 
erally,  it  has  decreased  in  Virginia,  Maryland,  the  District 
of  Columbia,  and  Missouri."  Indeed,  it  has  increased  in  most, 
until  it  has  become  in  Arkansas  (omitting  fractions),  22  per 
cent ;  in  Alabama  and  Florida  44  per  cent ;  in  Louisiana  47 
per  cent;  in  Mississippi  51  percent;  and  in  South  Carolina 
57  per  cent  of  the  whole  population ;  whereas  it  was,  in  1800, 
in  Mississippi  but  39  per  cent,  and  in  South  Carolina  but  42 
per  cent ;  and  a  similar  increase  of  the  ratio  of  the  slave  to 
the  entire  population  will  be  found  in  all  the  Southern  Slave 
States. 

*  See  Appendix, 


CHAPTER   III. 


POPULAR    REPRESENTATION. 

THE  following  tables  present  the  subject  of  Popular  Repre 
sentation  in  a  very  plain  and  simple  manner,  showing  the  white 
population,  free  colored,  and  total  free  population,  and  the 
popular  vote  cast  in  1852.  They  also  show  the  number  of 
representatives  in  Congress,  and  the  electoral  votes,  both  as 
they  now  are  and  as  they  would  be  were  freemen  only 
represented. 

TABLE  Vn. 

Political  View  of  the  Slave  States. 


H0    *** 

t*d 

*-§? 

*  !  S? 

| 

n  !  w 

SLAVE 

i  1 

I     1 

1 

O  o 

ill 

S-'o 

|!| 

STATIS. 

o"     * 

It 

5'  a? 

g  ^ 

1  1 

|i|- 

§  ^ 

!§~ 

p 

P      » 

B    § 

Pj$ 

B| 

p"^  §• 

2  P 

Fl 

Nt 

Alabama  .  . 
Arkansas  .  . 

426,514 
162,189 

2,265 
608 

428,779 
162,797 

41,919 
19,577 

7 
2 

5 
2 

9 
4 

7 
4 

Delaware  .... 

71,169 

18,073 

89!242 

12,673 

1 

1 

3 

3 

Florida  

47,203 

932 

48;i35 

7,193 

1 

1 

3 

3 

Georgia  

521,572 

2,931 

524,503 

51,365 

8 

6 

10 

8 

Kentucky  .    .  . 
Louisiana.  .    .  . 

761,413 
255,491 

10,011 
17,462 

771,424 
272,953 

111,139 

35,902 

10 

4 

9 
3 

12 
6 

11 
6 

Maryland.  .   .  . 

417,943 

74,723 

492,666 

75,153 

6 

6 

8 

8 

Mississippi     .  . 

295,718 

930 

296.648 

44,424 

5 

3 

7 

5 

Missouri  

592,004 

2,618 

594,622 

65:586 

7 

7 

9 

9 

North  Carolina. 

553,028 

27,463 

680,491 

78,861 

8 

7 

10 

9 

South  Carol  na. 

274,563 

8,960 

283.523 

6 

3 

8 

5 

Tennessee  .    ... 

756,836 

6,422 

763,258 

115,916 

10 

9 

12 

11 

Texas  

154,034 

397 

154;431 

18,547 

2 

2 

4 

4 

Virginia  

894,800 

54,333 

949,133 

129,545 

13 

11 

15 

13 

Total 

6,184,477 

228,128 

6,412,606 

807,800 

90 

75 

120 

105 

A   STATISTICAL   VIEW. 


25 


TABLE   VIII. 

Political  View  of  the  Free  States. 


FREX 

It 

li 

1  ! 

i! 

s« 

f4 

S| 

111 

3  B  3" 

1     1 

la 

g    ~ 

£   % 

§  g 

<r&  ct-  £ 

B| 

IS-3 

STATES. 

e+-         et- 

2     * 

^  £ 

IB 

55 

Igs 

p 

?  i 

0       o 

$   1 

*  § 

*H 

PI 

^1 

California...   . 

91.635 

9Q 

92.597 

74,736 

2 

2 

4 

4 

Connecticut    . 

363,099 

7,693 

370,792 

66,768 

4 

4 

6 

6 

Illinois  

846.034 

5,436 

851,470 

155,497 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Indiana  

977454 

11.262 

988.416 

183,134 

11 

12 

13 

14 

Iowa  

191,881 

333 

192.214 

16,845 

2 

2 

4 

4 

Maine  

581.813 

1,856 

583,169 

82.182 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Massachusetts 

985,450 

9,064 

994.514 

132,936 

11 

12 

13 

14 

Michigan  

395,071 

2,583 

397,654 

82.939 

4 

5 

6 

7 

N.  Hampshire. 
New  Jersey  .  .  . 

317,456 
465.509 

520 
23,810 

317.976 
489:319 

62,839 
83.211 

3 
5 

4 
6 

5 

7 

6 

8 

New  York  .... 

3,048.325 

49,069 

3.097.394 

522.294 

33 

36 

35 

38 

Ohio  

1,955,050 

25.279 

i;980,329 

353,428 

23 

23 

25 

Pennsylvania  . 

2,258,160 

53,628 

2,311,786 

386,214 

25 

27 

27 

29 

Rhode  Island  . 

1431875 

3,670 

147.545 

17,005 

2 

2 

4 

4 

Vermont  

313,402 

718 

314.120 

43,838 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Wisconsin  .... 

304,753 

635 

305,391 

64,712 

3 

3 

5 

5 

Total 

13,238,670 

196,016 

13,434,686 

2.318,578 

144 

159 

176 

191 

It  will  be  recollected  that  the  area  of  the  Slave  States  is 
851,448  square  miles,  and  that  of  the  Free  ^tates  612,597. 
The  white  population  of  the  Slave  States  is  ^184,477,  and  of 
the  Free  States  13,238,670.  The  number  of&ee1  /inabitanta 
in  the  Slave  States  is  6,412,605,  and  in  the  Free  States 
13,434,686.  The  number  of  freemen  in  the  Free  States  is, 
therefore,  over  600,000  more  than  double  the  number  in  the 
Slave  States. 

The  representation  in  Congress  is,  from  the  Slave  States 
ninety  members,  representing  the  6,000,000 ;  and  from  the 
Free  States  one  hundred  and  forty-four,  representing  the 
13,000,000.  This  discrepancy  between  population  and  repre 
sentation  arises  from  the  fact  that,  in  determining  the  number 
of  representatives  to  which  each  State  is  entitled,  five  slaves 
are  reckoned  equal  to  three  freemen.  The  3,200,304  slaves, 
therefore,  in  the  Slave  States  are  reckoned  equal  to  l,920,182f 

3 


26  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

freemen,  and  are  represented  accordingly.  The  slaves  of  the 
South  have,  therefore,  a  representation  equal  to  that  of  the 
Free  States  of  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Connecticut,  Iowa, 
and  Wisconsin. 

Without  the  representation  allowed  to  slave  property,  the 
number  of  representatives  from  the  Slave  States  would  be 
seventy-five,  insteated  of  ninety;  and  from  the  Free  States 
one  hundred  and  fifty-nine,  instead  of  one  hundred  and  forty- 
four  ;  a  gain  of  thirty  in  favor  of  the  Free  States,  making  their 
representation  double  that  of  the  Slave  States,  even  without 
the  representation  of  Rhode  Island,  Wisconsin,  California,  and 
Iowa.* 

By  such  a  change,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  North  Carolina, 
and  Tennessee,  would  lose  one  representative  each ;  Alabama, 
Georgia,  Virginia,  and  Mississippi,  two  each ;  and  South  Caro 
lina  three.  Illinois,  Indiana,  Maine,  Michigan,  New  Hamp 
shire,  New  Jersey  and  Vermont  would  each  gain  one ;  Ohio 
and  Pennsylvania  two,  and  New  York  three. 

The  free  population  of  the  whole  fifteen  Slave  States  is  not 
9,000  more  than  that  of  the  three  States  of  New  York,  Penn 
sylvania  and  Massachusetts.  These  three  States  have  now 
sixty-nine  representatives. 

The  popular  vote  cast  at  the  last  Presidential  election, 
(1852)  in  the  Slave  States  was  807,800;  in  the  Free  States 
2,318,578  —  a  majority  in  favor  of  the  latter  of  1,510,778,  and 
a  ratio  of  almost  three  to  one.  The  aggregate  vote  of  the 
following  eleven  States,  viz :  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Caro 
lina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Florida,  Ar 
kansas,  Delaware,  and  Texas,  was  less  than  that  of  the  single 
State  of  New  York ;  the  total  vote  of  all  these  States  being 
515,159,  while  that  of  New  York  was  522,294;  and  yet, 

*  It  will  be  seen  that  in  the  late  severe  contests  in  the  House  of  Repre 
sentatives,  had  freemen  only  been  represented,  the  question  would  invari 
ably  have  been  decided  in  favor  of  the  North. 


A   STATISTICAL   VIEW.  27 

according  to  the  present  system  of  representation,  these  States 
are  entitled  to  seventy-nine  electoral  votes,  and  New  York  to 
only  thirty-five. 

The  three  States,  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio,  or 
even  the  two  States  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  York,  cast  a 
popular  vote  larger,  by  more  than  60,000,  than  all  the  Slave 
States.  The  three  first  named  States  have  sixty-three  electoral 
votes ;  the  last  two  have  sixty-two ;  and  the  fifteen  Slave  States 
one  hundred  and  twenty ! 

In  the  North,  93,296  freemen  and  16,101  voters  are  required 
to  elect  a  representative  to  Congress.  In  the  South,  only 
71,251  freemen  and  8,976  voters.  A  President  elected  by  the 
Northern  votes  over  a  candidate  receiving  the  Southern  votes 
would  have  a  popular  majority  of  1,510,778  votes,  or  about 
twice  the  number  of  votes  ever  cast  by  the  South. 

A  President  elected  by  the  South,  with  the  votes  of  States 
enough  in  the  North  to  elect  him,  would  not  be  chosen  by  the 
majority.  Then,  suppose  a  candidate  to  receive  every  vote  in  the 
South  (one  hundred  and  twenty  electoral  votes),  and  the  votes 
of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  and  Rhode  Island 
(thirty  electoral  votes),  this  would  give  him  one  hundred  and 
fifty  electoral  votes  to  one  hundred  and  forty-six  against  him ; 
but  the  popular  majority  against  him  would  be  almost  a  million 
of  votes,  or  more  than  the  whole  Southern  vote,  as  will  be  seen  by 
the  table,  the  South  having  807,800  voters,  and  the  Free  States 
mentioned,  284,962;  being  a  total  of  1,092,762  votes;  while 
the  remaining  Free  States,  casting  but  one  hundred  and  forty-six 
electoral  votes,  would  have  a  popular  vote  of  2,033,616,  which 
is  a  majority  of  940,854.  If  a  President  were  so  elected, 
would  the  North  and  the  Northwest  be  justified  in  dissolving 
the  Union  therefor  ? 

Or,  again :  suppose  a  President  elected  by  the  vote  of  the 
South  and  the  vote  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  the 
electoral  vote  would  be  one  hundred  and  fifty-four  for  him  and 


28  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

one  hundred  and  forty-two  against  him ;  the  popular  vote  would 
be  1,277,225  for  him,  and  1,849,153  against  him — or  a  majority 
of  571,928  votes,  which  is  about  three-quarters  of  the  whole 
vote  of  the  South.  Would  the  Northeast  and  Northwest 
probably  dissolve  the  Union  on  such  a  result  ? 


CHAPTER    IV. 

AGRICULTURE. 

TOE  tables  found  iu  this  chapter  show  the  condition  of 
agriculture  in  the  United  States  for  the  year  ending  June, 

1850,  when  no  other  date  is  given. 

These  tables  show  the  number  of  farms  and  plantations, 
acres  of  cultivated  land,  value  of  the  same,  value  per  acre, 
value  of  farm  implements  and  machinery,  and  whole  area,  in 
acres,  of  the  several  Free  and  Slave  States.  California  is 
necessarily  omitted  from  the  list  of  the  Free  States,  because  of 
the  defective  returns  of  the  marshals  for  that  State.  This 
omission  can  only  be  supplied  by  taking  the  State  valuation  for 
1852,  the  first  made  by  the  State  authority.  In  that  year 
there  were  assessed  for  taxation  in  California,  6,719,442  acres 
of  land,  valued  at  $35,879,929,  or  $5.34  per  acre. 

In  Table  X.,  there  is  an  evident  and  remarkable  error  — 
either  of  the  marshals,  or  of  the  compiler  of  the  census  returns 
—  in  regard  to  the  value  of  farms  in  South  Carolina.  This 
table,  carefully  copied  from  the  Compendium  of  the  Census, 
gives  for  South  Carolina : 

Acres  improved  and  unimproved  land,     V        .         16,217,600 
Valued  at,       .'.        .'      .       ".        .        .'     .     $82,431,684 

"      per  acre,        .        ...        .        .  $5.08 

Now  the  true  value  of  lands  in  South  Carolina  is  shown  by 
its  State  valuation  to  differ  essentially  from  this.  Thus,  ii) 

1851,  there  were    assessed  for  taxation  in   South   Carolina 
(American  Almanac  for  1853,  p.  278)  : 

Acres  of  land,          .  ,        .  .....  17,073,412 

Valued  at,      .        .  ..-.  .        .'        .  $23,952,679 

"      per  acre,         .  .        .  .  $1.40 

3*  (29) 


30 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


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A    STATISTICAL    VIEW. 


31 


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32  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

In  1854  (American  Almanac  for  1856,  p.  293),  there  were 
assessed  for  taxation : 
Acres  of  land,          .        .        .        .         .     •.       17,289,359 

Valued  at,        .        .        .'     .        ;        .        .     $22,836,374 
«      per  acre,       ....     /„  .  .    .        ,        .  '       ;  $1.32 

By  Table  IX.  it  will  be  seen  that  the  whole  area 
in  acres  of  the  Free  States,  not  including 
California,  is      .        *        .       ' .        .  •      .       292,231,880 
Number  of  acres  under  cultivation,        .        .        108,082,774 
"      of  acres  not  under  cultivation,  .     '. ...       184,149,106 

Value  of  the  lands  under  cultivation,     . .        .  $2,143,344,437 
"      per  acre,     ..       ,  '   .  .  .        -.  $19.83 

Whole    area   of  the  Slave  States    (including 
South   Carolina,  according  to  the  incorrect 
census  figures)     .        .        .      *  ."       ,     '    .      544,742,926 
Number  of  acres  under  cultivation,     .    ;        .        180,572,292 
"      of  acres  not  under  cultivation,  .        .       364,170,634 
Value  of  the  land  under  cultivation,        .         .  $1,117,649,649 
"      per  acre,    -»;       .'    .^        .        .        .  $6.18 

As  to  general  results,  the  error  in  the  South  Carolina  return 
and  the  omission  of  California  will  about  balance  each  other. 

Including  only  the  lands  under  cultivation  in  the  two  sections, 
the  value  per  acre  in  the  North  is  more  than  three  tunes  that 
of  the  South.    Including  the  whole  area,  the  proportion  is  still 
larger. 

The  value  per  acre  of  land  in  the  States,  on  the  dividing 
line  between  freedom  and  slavery,  is  suggestive  —  thus,  in  the 
Free  States,  the  value  of  farms  per  acre  is  as  follows,  viz : 
New  Jersey,    .        *   :     .        »        .  $43  67 

Pennsylvania,  .      >.....      .        .       27  27 

Ohio,        .        .v      .  -     ..        .        .     "  ..     19  99 

Indiana,    .        ./,...    ..        *        V      ..       10  66 

Dlinois,    ..        ,.       .         •      ,  ,•         *         -         7  99 


Average,          .,       .        .        .     '  .        .     $22  17 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  33 

In  the  border  Slave  States  the  value  is  as  follows,  viz : 
Delaware, $19  75 

Maryland,  .  .  .  \-  '  .  ./  .  1881 
Virginia,  .  .  .  .  .-  •  .  8  27 

Kentucky,  -.  .  ".  .  .  .  9  03 
Missouri,  .  '-  .  •  .  .-. ;  '  .  *  6  49 

Average,          .        .        .  '      .     '    .        .      $9  25 

Take  those  Slave  States  which,  by  position,  population,  or 
intercourse,  feel  least  the  influence  of  the  Free  States.  Thus, 
the  value  of  farms  per  acre  is,  in 

North  Carolina,  .  .'.'';"  .  $3  24 
South  Carolina,  •  ;-  .  .  -  .  -  \  ••  I  32 
Tennessee,  . -  '  . ' «.  .  .  .  •'••'.  5  1 G 
Florida,  ;*'-'  .  '  .  .  .  .  .  3  97 
Georgia,  .  '  .  .  .  .  "  .  .  4  19 
Alabama,  .  .  '  ,.  '  .  '  .-  "  :  .  .  •  5  30 
Arkansas,  .  .  •  •«>  •  •  5  87 
Texas,  .  .  .  .  .*  •  •  .  ••  •  .'  1  44 
Mississippi,  .  •••  .  •.  •  .  -  5  22 

Average,         V       ..'       /  -  -.        ..       '-.      $3  74 

Table  XI.  shows  the  value  of  the  agricultural  pro 
ductions  of  the  several  Free  States  and  Slave  States  for 
the  year  1840.  It  is  taken  from  the  Annual  Report  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  on  the  Finances  for  1854-5. 
It  is  understood  that  the  articles  of  wheat  (54,770,311  bushels 
in  the  Free  States  and  30,052,961  bushels  in  the  Slave  States), 
sugar  (31,010,234  pounds  in  the  Free  States  and  124,090,566 
pounds  in  the  Slave  States),  and  molasses,  are  not  included. 

Table  XII.  has  been  prepared  with  great  labor.  In  the 
first  two  columns  are  given  the  amount  and  value  of  live  stock, 
and  the  amount  of  agricultural  products,  in  the  Free  and  Slave 
12 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


TABLE  XL 


Statement  of  the  Value  of  the  Agricultural  Productions  of  the  Free  and  of 
the  Slave  States  for  the  year  1840. 


FREE 

STATES. 

SLATE 

STATES. 

Connecticut  .  .  . 

...     $11,201,618 

Alabama  

$23,833,470 

Illinois  

11  577  281 

Arkansas  .    ... 

4  973  655 

Indiana  

14  484  610 

Delaware  . 

2  877  350 

Maine 

14  725  615 

Georgia 

29  612  436 

Massachusetts 

14  371  732 

Kentucky 

26  233  968 

Michigan  

3,207,048 

Louisiana  .... 

..    ..      17,976,017 

New  Hampshire 
New  Jersey  . 

...    .     10,762,019 

Maryland  .... 

..    ..     14015665 

15314006 

Mississippi 

.     26  297  66G 

New  York     . 

91  244  178 

Missouri 

9  755  615 

Ohio 

27  912  004 

North  Carolina 
South  Carolina 
Tennessee  
Virginia 

24,727,297 
20555919 

Pennsylvania  .  . 

51,232,204 

Rhode  Island.  . 

1  951  141 

27,917,692 
48  644  905 

Vermont  .  . 

16  977  664 

Iowa 

688  308 

Florida 

1  817  718 

Wisconsin  

.  .    .  .           445,559 

Total  

$285,394,987 

Total  

.  .  .   $279  239,373 

States,  for  the  years  1840  and  1850.  In  the  third  and  fourth 
columns  are  given  the  values  according  to  the  calculations  of 
De  Bow,  in  which  the  products  of  the  North  and  the  South  are 
calculated  at  the  same  prices,  which  calculation  is  unfavorable 
to  the  North. 

As  to  those  products  whose  value  is  given  by  De  Bow 
(Census  Compendium,  p.  176),  in  the  aggregate,  their  value 
has  been  distributed  as  follows,  viz : 

Eggs  and  feathers,  according  to  the  relative  amount  of 
poultry  in  the  North  and  South  in  1840. 

Milk,  according  to  amount  of  butter  and  cheese  in  each  sec 
tion  in  1850. 

Annual  increase  of  stock  and  cattle,  sheep  and  pigs,  under 
one  year  old,  according  to  value  of  live  stock  in  1850. 

Residuum  of  crops,  manure,  etc.,  according  to  population. 

Small  crops,  as  carrots,  etc.,  one-fourth  to  the  South  and 
three-fourths  to  the  North. 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  35 

In  the  fifth  and  sixth  columns  arc  given  the  values  according 
to  the  prices  in  Andrews'  voluminous  Report  on  Trade  and 
Commerce,  made  August  19, 1852.  The  prices  are  the  same 
for  the  two  sections.  The  aggregate  products  have  been  dis 
tributed  according  to  the  best  authorities  and  information  which 
could  be  obtained. 

In  the  seventh  and  eighth  columns  are  given  the  average 
crops  per  acre  in  the  two  sections  as  returned  by  the  marshals 
in  1850. 

"The  quantity  of  wheat  in  1850,"  says  De  Bow,  "is  be 
lieved  to  be  under-stated,  and  the  crop  was  also  short.' 
"  Investigations  undertaken  by  the  State  legislatures  and  agri 
cultural  societies,"  says  Andrews  (Report,  p.  096),  "prove  that 
the  aggregate  production  of  wheat  reported  in  the  census  tables 
was  below  the  average  crop  by  at  least  30,000,000  bushels." 
It  seems  fair  to  add  to  our  table  for  "understatement"  the 
amount  of  15,000,000  bushels,*  which  distributed  according 
to  production  would  give  Free  States,  10,823,899  bushels ; 
value  $10,823,899;  Slave  States,  4,176,101  bushels;  value, 
$4,176,101. 

Of  hemp  and  flax,  De  Bow  says:  "It  is  impossible  to 
reconcile  the  hemp  and  flax  returns  of  1840  and  1850.  No 
doubt  in  both  cases,  tons  and  pounds  have  often  been  con 
founded.  In  a  -few  of  the  States,  such  as  Indiana  and  Illinois, 
the  returns  of  1850  were  rejected  altogether  for  insufficiency." 

*  The  following  arc  the  census  returns  of  wheat,  in  five  large  wheat- 
growing  counties  in  Ohio,  for  1850,  and  the  returns  made  by  the  State 
authorities  for  the  same  year  : 

Counties.  Census  Returns.  State  Returns. 

Stark,       bushels, 590,594 1,071,177 

Wayne,  "        571,377   1,020,000 

Muskingum,  "        415,847   1,003,000 

Licking,          "        336,317   849,116 

Coshocton      "        416,918   852,809 

2,331,053  4,806,193 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


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A    STATISTICAL    VIEW. 


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38  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

Add,  then,  for  "insufficiency"  of  returns,  to  the  amount  of" 
hemp  and  flax  for  these  two  States  enough  to  make  their 
production  in  1850  equal  it  in  1840,  and  its  value  will  be,  at 
six  cents  per  pound,  $1,225,138.  With  these  corrections,  the 
grand  aggregate  of  the  agricultural  products  of  the  United 
States,  for  the  year  ending  June,  1850,  will  be,  using  Andrews' 
prices,  — . 

Free  States,     .       '.        /    '•  .'       .     $858,634,334 
Slave  States,    .        I    '  v        .-' ' '' ; .  $    631,277,417 


Total,       :     :. ...    '     .•      .         .$1,489,911,751 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  prices  of  leading  products  in 
the  foregoing  table,  by  De  Bow,  and  Andrews : 


Indian  corn,      bushel,     .         , 

$      50 

$       60 

Wheat,                    «         .         . 

1  00 

1  00 

Oats,                        "      ...    '  .'. 

30 

44 

Irish  potatoes,         " 

40 

75 

Sweet      "             "      '  „       .  . 

50 

80 

Rye,         «              " 

55 

89 

Peas  and  beans,     " 

62J 

80 

Cotton,  bale  of  400  pounds, 

40  32 

40  00 

Cane  sugar,  hhds.  of  1000  Ibs. 

52  20 

40  00 

Maple  sugar,  pound,        «       '.  ' 

5 

5 

Butter,                     " 

16 

20 

Rice,                        "       .        . 

2 

34-10 

Hay,     ton,                       . 

7  00 

12  50 

Hemp,    " 

150  47 

136  00 

Wool,       pound, 

30 

50 

Tobacco,       "                   .     :   . 

7 

6 

Flax,            "                  V        . 

10 

6 

A  glance  at  the  prices  of  DC  Bow  will  satisfy  any  one  that, 
if  they  be  fair  for  Virginia,  Tennessee,  and  the  South  gener 
ally,  and  for  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  the  West,  they  cannot  be 
for  New  England,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania. 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  o9 

Thus  of  Indian  corn,  which  De  Bow  calls  50  cents  per 
bushel.  If  Southern  and  Western  corn  be  worth  that  price 
where  it  is  raised,  Northern  and  Eastern  corn  must  be  worth 
at  least  75  cents.  So  of  wheat,  which  De  Bow  puts  at  a 
dollar.  If  that  be  fair  for  Tennessee,  Missouri,  and  Illinois,  a 
dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  is  a  moderate  price  for  the  North 
ern  and  Eastern  States  mentioned.  So  of  oats,  rye,  potatoes, 
hay,  wool,  peas  and  beans,  and  some  other  products.  There 
should  be  added  then  to  De  Bow's  aggregates,  for  the  products 
of  New  England,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania, 
as  follows,  viz : 


Indian  corn, 

56,639,174  bush,  at 

25  cts. 

$14,159,793 

Wheat, 

31,183,273        « 

25 

7,795,818 

Oats, 

59,570,301 

15 

8,935,545 

Rye, 

11,779,509        « 

20 

2,355,902 

Potatoes, 

44,204,441        " 

35      - 

15,471,554 

Hay, 

9,471,369  tons,  $7 

00 

66,299,573 

Wool, 

22,283,776  Ibs. 

10 

2,228,377 

Peas  and  beans, 

1,261,732  bush. 

50 

630,866 

Total,        .        .        .     ,.'-.'      .       $117,877,428 

This  list  might  be  extended  still  further.  Adding  this 
amount  to  the  aggregates,  according  to  De  Bow's  figures,  and 
the  total  amount  will  be,  — 

Free  States,  .     --.        .        .        ;       $827,054,955 
Slave  States,          .     '  \        ..    :    .         634,570,057 


Total,         ;-       .        ...        .    $1,461,625,012 
This  is  not  essentially  different  from  the  result  arrived  at  by 
taking  Andrews'  prices.      By  neither  mode  of  calculation   is 
full  justice  done  to  the  North. 

VALUE    OF   AGRICULTURAL    PRODUCTIONS,  PER  ACRE,  IN  1850. 

The  value  of  agricultural  productions  per  acre  for  1850  is 


40  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

obtained  by  dividing  the  total  product  by  the  number  of  acres 
of  land  under  cultivation.     Thus, — 

FREE    STATES. 

Number  of  acres  in  farms,         .        ..      .   .         .     108,193,522 

Agricultural  product,         .     .   ^       .         .         .  $858,634,334 
Product  per  acre,      *         .        ..         .         .         .  $7,94 

SLAVE    STATES. 

Number  of  acres  in  farms  and  plantations,        .     180,572,392 
Agricultural  product,         .         .      -  .  .  $631,277,417 

Product  per  acre,     .         .         ...         .  $3.49 

VALUE  OF  AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTS,  PER  HEAD,  IN  1850. 

No  enumeration  was  made  in  1850  of  the  whole  number  of 
persons  engaged  in  agriculture,  as  was  done  in  1840,  and  the 
returns  for  the  latter  year  must  therefore  be  the  basis  of  our 
calculation  for  1850,  as  to  the  number,  and  the  consequent 
value,  of  the  products  per  head  in  the  two  sections  of  our 
country.  Assuming,  then,  that  in  the  North  the  proportion  of 
the  whole  population  of  those  engaged  in  agriculture  was  the 
same  in  1850  as  in  1840,  and  that  in  the  South  the  proportion 
of  the  free  population  thus  engaged  was  no  larger  than  in  the 
North,  we  have  the  following  result,  viz  : 

FREE    STATES. 

Whole  number  engaged  in  agriculture  in  1850,  2,509,126 

Value  of  agricultural  products,        .  . .       . "       .  $858,634,334 
Value  per  head,     .  .  .        .        ...  $342 

SLAVE    STATES. 

Number  of  free  population  engaged  in  agricul 
ture  in  1850,     .         .         .         .         .         .         1,197,649 

Number  of  slaves  engaged  in  agriculture  in  1850,         2,500,000 


Total,       .      ....     .         .         .         .  '      3,697,649 

Value  of  agricultural  products,          .       ..        .$631,277,417 
Value  per  head,        .     ..-."•'.'•.'       .        .  $171 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  41 

De  Bow  says  of  the  slave  population  of  1850  (Census  Com 
pendium,  p.  94),  there  are  "about  2,500,000  slaves  directly 
employed  in  agriculture."  This  is  a  small  estimate,  and  the 
number  given  above  (1,197,649)  of  the  6,412,605  free  popula 
tion  of  the  South  engaged  in  agriculture  is  very  small.  "With 
the  little  manufactures  and  commerce  of  the  South,  what  are 
the  people  of  that  region  engaged  in  ?  But,  under  protest,  we 
adopt  the  above  conclusions.  This,  then,  is  the  grand  result  in 
the  department  of  agriculture,  the  peculiar  province  of  the 
South: 

The  North,  with  half  as  much  land  under  cultivation,  and 
two-thirds  as  many  persons  engaged  in  farming,  produces  two 
hundred  and  twenty-seven  millions  of  dollars  worth  of  agricultural 
products  in  a  year  more  than  the  South  ;  twice  as  much  on  an 
acre,  and  more  than  double  the  value  per  head  for  every  person 
engaged  in  farming. 

And  this,  while  the  South,  paying  nothing  for  its  labor, 
has  better  land,  a  monopoly  of  cotton,  rice,  cane  sugar,  and 
ndarly  so  of  tobacco  and  hemp,  and  a  climate  granting  two  and 
sometimes  three  crops  in  a  year.  Nor  does  a  comparison  of  the 
products  of  1850  with  those  of  1840  afford  any  ground  for 
hope  for  the  South.  A  recurrence  to  Table  XI.  will  show 
that,  excluding  wheat,  sugar,  and  molasses  from  the  aggregate? 
the  production  of  the  South  for  1840  was  nearly  equal  that  of 
the  North.  Perhaps  in  1830  it  was  greater. 

Table  XIII.  gives  the  population,  white  and  slave,  number  of 
acres  of  land,  value  of  farms,  value  of  land  per  acre,  number 
of  students  and  scholars  in  public  and  private  schools,  and  the 
number  of  whites  over  twenty  unable  to  read  and  write,  in  the 
counties  in  the  several  States  on  the  dividing  line  between  the 
Free  and  Slave  States,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mississippi. 
The  statistics  are  from  De  Bow's  Compendium  of  the  Census 
of  1850.  The  table  is  an  important  one,  and  deserves  a  more 
extended  consideration  than  can  be  given  it  in  this  work. 
4* 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


No.  of  Whites 
T  20  unabl( 
[  to  read  &  write 


No.  of  Whites 
over  5  and 
under  20 
years  old. 


White  Scholars 
in  Public 

>ls  during 
the  year. 


Pupils  in 

Colleges,  Acad 

aies,  and  Pri 

vate  Schools. 


Value  of  Farms 
per  Acre. 


Value  of 
Improved  and 
Unimproved 

Land 
in  1850. 


Acres  of 
Improved  and 
Unimproved 

Land 
in  1850. 


Slaves 
in  1850. 


White 

Population 

in  1850. 


11 


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A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  43 

In  proportion  to  the  white  population,  these  border  counties 
of  the  Slave  States  contain  the  following  per  cent  of  slaves,  viz  : 
Delaware,         ...     .    .         .         .       1  percent. 

Maryland,          ...        .         *  -       ..         .       5         " 

Virginia,    .         . .       .         .         .         «       2         " 

Kentucky,          .        ..        .         .       -v    21         " 

The  remaining  counties  of  the  same  States  give  the  follow 
ing,  viz : 

Delaware,         ..  '      »        .-       .        .      8  per  cent. 
Maryland,          .        ,         .        .        .     71         " 
Virginia,  *  .       ...         .59         " 

Kentucky,  %  -..-..  \  31  " 
The  value  of  lands  per  acre  will  be  seen  by  an  examination 
of  the  table ;  and  it  will  be  noticed,  that,  with  the  exception  of 
the  broken  region  of  Virginia,  which  lies  adjacent  to  Ohio,  and 
that  of  Kentucky,  which  lies  adjacent  to  Illinois,  the  value  of 
lands  per  acre  in  the  counties  of  the  Slave  States  adjoining  the 
Free  is  greater  than  that  of  the  remaining  counties  of  their 
respective  States.  The  opposite  is  true,  generally,  of  the 
border  counties  of  the  Free  States.  Thus,  the  effects  of 
freedom  and  slavery  on  the  value  of  the  adjacent  lands  is 
reciprocal.  The  neighborhood  of  slavery  lessens  their  value  in 
the  Free  States ;  the  neighborhood  of  freedom  increases  it  in 
the  Slave  States.  To  such  an  extent  is  this  true,  that,  in  Vir 
ginia,  for  example,  the  lands  in  counties  naturally  poor,  are,  by 
the  proximity  of  freedom,  rendered  more  valuable  than  those 
unequalled  lands  in  the  better  portions  of  the  State.  In 
deed,  this  table  shows  the  fact  that  the  lands  in  the  border 
counties  of  the  Slave  States  are  worth  more  per  acre  than  the 
remaining  lands  in  the  same  States,  with  the  addition  of  the 
value  of  the  whole  number  of  their  slaves  at  $400  per  head. 
And  this,  be  it  remembered,  while  the  value  of  lands  in  the 
balance  of  the  counties  of  the  border  Slave  States  is  double 
that  of  the  lands  in  the  Slave  States  not  adjacent  to  the  Free. 
It  is  for  the  interest  of  the  Slave  States  to  be  hedged  in  by  a 


44 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


circle  of  Free  States.  If  Tennessee  had  been  a  Free  State, 
her  lands  would  have  been  worth  as  much  as  those  of  Ohio,  — 
$19.99  per  acre,  instead  of  $5.16  as  now,  —  and  who  cannot 
see  that,  in  that  event,  the  lands  of  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  and  Georgia  would  have  been  worth  more  per  acre 
than  the  sums  of  $3.24,  $1.40,  $4.19,  respectively.  Not  only 
could  Tennessee  afford  to  sacrifice  the  whole  value  of  her  slaves 
for  the  sake  of  freedom,  but  even  North  Carolina,  South  Caro 
lina,  and  Georgia  could  afford  to  sacrifice  the  whole  value  of 
their  own  slaves,  and  pay  for  all  of  the  slaves  in  Tennessee  for 
the  sake  of  having  a  free  neighbor.  The  increased  value  of 
lands  would  more  than  compensate  for  the  sacrifice.  The 
figures  prove  this. 

Tennessee  has  18,984,022  acres  of  land  under  cultivation, 
worth  $5.16  per  acre.  Multiply  this  number  of  acres  by 
$14.83  (the  difference  between  the  value  of  lands  in  Tennessee 
and  Ohio),  and  the  amount  is,  ' ,  . v  ,  '  .  $281,533,046 
Tennessee  has  239,459  slaves ;  value,  at  $400 

each,       .       ^..-^'i-.:v^     m         f      .  v        95,783,600 
This  leaves  the  respectable  margin  of  .        .      185,749,446 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia 
have  60,891,774  acres  of  land,  worth  $3  08 
per  acre.     Multiply  this  number  of  acres  by 
$15.73  (the  difference  in  value  between  the 
lands  in  these  States  and  the  border  Slave 
State  of  Maryland),  and  the  amount  is         .    $957,827,605 
Number  of  slaves  in  these  States,    .     ^  .     '*/.'•       1,055,214 
Value  at  $400  each,         .        .•.    .'>.'.    $422,085,600 
Value  of  slaves  in  Tennessee,  as  above,    .         .        95,783,600 

Total,     :.''     .     ,'-.         •     "..''    ii '.     .    $517,869,200 
Deducting  this   from  the   increased  value   of 
lands,  and  the  balance  in  favor  of  free  neigh 
bors  is  the  sum  of        .         .         .  '     -*  -,      .    $439,958,405 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  45 

Thus,  the  figures  show  that  Tennessee  could  afford,  for  the 
sake  of  freedom,  to  sacrifice  the  whole  value  of  her  quarter  of 
a  million  of  slaves,  and  pay  in  addition  the  sum  of  $185,749,446. 
For  the  sake  of  a  free  neighbor,  and  to  bring  up  their  lands  to 
the  value  of  those  of  Maryland,  the  States  of  North  and  South 
Carolina,  and  Georgia,  could  afford  to  sacrifice  the  whole  of 
their  own  slaves,  pay  for  those  of  Tennessee,  and  make 
$439,958,405  by  the  bargain,  which  sum  is  considerably  more 
than  twice  the  present  value  of  all  their  lands.  Nay,  these 
States  could  afford  to  send  off,  singly,  every  slave  within  their 
limits,  in  a  coach  with  two  horses,  and  provisions  for  a  year,  if 
they  could  but  bring  up  the  value  of  their  lands  to  that  of  the 
land  in  northern  Maryland.  Indignation,  and  patriotism,  and 
dissolution  of  the  Union,  indeed,  if  a  fugitive  now  and  then  be 
not  reclaimed !  South  Carolina  could  afford  to  pay  every  year 
more  money  than  she  spent  in  the  whole  Revolutionary  war, 
to  make  her  whole  number  of  slaves  fugitives ;  and  then  make 
money  enough  by  the  transaction  to  fence  in  the  whole  State 
with  a  picket  fence,  to  prevent  their  return. 

NEW   ENGLAND,    SOUTH   CAROLINA,   AND    VIRGINIA. 

Comparisons  between  portions  of  the  North  and  the  South 
can  be  made  to  any  extent.  A  few  are  added,  with  such  sug 
gestions  as  seem  proper. 

Table  XIV.  is  a  comparison  between  the  States  of  Rhode 
Island  and  Connecticut,  and  an  equal  extent  of  cultivated  lands 
in  certain  counties  of  South  Carolina.  The  table  includes  the 
city  of  Charleston.  The  comparison  extends  to  the  value  of 
lands,  population,  value  of  agricultural  and  manufactured  pro 
ducts,  commerce,  and  education.  The  value  of  lands  in  the 
South  Carolina  counties  is  the  fictitious  one  of  De  Bow's  Com 
pendium,  and  not  the  real  one  of  the  State  valuation. 

The  portions  compared  in  Table  XIV.  are  of  equal  age  as  well 
as  extent.  The  free  portion  has  eleven  times  the  white  popu 
lation  ;  nearly  four  times  the  total  population  of  white  and  slave. 
Its  lands  are  worth  six  times  as  much,  and  twice  as  much  after 


4G 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


s  « 


Scholars  in  Public 
Schools,  1850. 

m 

£§3 

Students  in  Colleges, 
Academies,  and  Pri 
vate  Schools,  1850. 

3$ 
P<5. 

L-iH 

Tonnage  built  dur 
ing  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1856. 

§1 
rfb~' 

Tonnage  owned 
June  30,  1855. 

ga 

Value  of 
Manufactures 
in  1850. 

845,802,854 
22,119,753 

Value  of  Agricultural 
Products  in  1850, 
according  to  De  Bow. 

gg 

ir 

Value  of  Slaves 
at  $400  each. 

Value  of  Slaves  per 
acre,  at  $400  each. 

Slaves  in  1850. 

White  Population 
in  1850. 

It 

Cash  Value  of  Farms 
per  acre,  1850. 

cSS 
coco 

Cash  Value  of  Farms 
in  1850. 

874,618,963 
17,568,003 

Acres  of 
Unimproved  Land 
in  1850. 

m 

§¥ 

Acres  of 
Improved  Land 
in  1850. 

SS5 
1% 

coco 

HI 

i 

Connecticut  .  .  . 
Rhode  Island.  . 

OO  GO    0)         IO 

OCM  pa ^ 

CO         §- 


3  -*  CO  O  t~ 

>  O  CN|  O  I~ 

:  rH  (M  rH  CO 


OOOOr-JCOOO 

eocicor-ico 


1C  CO  CO  ICC 
1"—  lO  O  t^  C 

JL^-  C^  iC  O  i 


t^-ld 


•a  \Z3z°, 

I   i^g«5 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  47 

adding  to  the  value  of  the  lands  the  whole  value  of  the  slaves  in 
this  most  intensely  slave  portion  of  the  Union,  at  the  rate  of  $400 
for  each  slave.  The  value  of  the  agricultural  products  of  Con 
necticut  and  Rhode  Island  is  four  times  as  great  as  that  of  those 
of  this  portion  of  Carolina,  although  the  latter  has  the  monopoly 
almost  of  the  rice-producing  region.  Of  the  value  of  the 
Carolina  products,  one-third  is  cotton ;  and  here  is  the  place  to 
say,  that  it  is  owing  to  the  invention  of  a  Massachusetts  man 
that  the  South  is  able  to  raise  its  cotton  at  all  at  this  time.  If 
the  South  had  been  obliged  to  clean  cotton  by  hand,  at  the  rate 
of  a  pound  a  day  for  each  slave,  as  before  the  invention  of 
Whitney,  the  whole  cotton-producing  region  would  have  been 
bankrupt.  The  treatment  which  the  Northern  inventor  received 
at  the  hands  of  those  Southrons,  whose  fortunes  he  had  made, 
is  a  sad  portion  of  history.  Before  his  patent  was  obtained,  a 
mob  of  the  chivalry  (who  despise  so  heartily  and  magnificently 
a  money-making,  peddling  Yankee)  broke  open  the  building  in 
which  his  machine  was  placed,  carried  off  the  machine,  and 
made  others  from  it ;  and,  before  he  could  go  through  the  formal 
ities  of  getting  his  patent,  several  machines  were  in  successful 
operation  on  the  plantations  of  different  gentlemen.  In  the 
Georgia  courts,  Whitney's  rights  were  decided  against,  on  the 
ground  mainly  that,  as  "  the  introduction  of  the  gin  would  open 
up  boundless  resources  of  wealth  to  the  planters,  it  was  too 
great  a  power  to  allow  any  one  man  a  monopoly  of  the  right  to 
furnish  the  machines."  South  Carolina  agreed  to  pay  $50,000 
for  the  invention,  paid  $20,000  down,  then  repudiated  the  con 
tract,  sued  Whitney  and  his  partner  for  the  money  paid,  and 
cast  the  latter  into  prison.  Afterwards,  this  action  was  reversed 
and  the  contract  fulfilled.  The  action  of  Tennessee  was  similar 
to  that  of  South  Carolina,  without  the  repentance.  North 
Carolina  did  better,  and  was  faithful  to  its  contract.  After 
years  of  litigation,  Whitney  got  a  decision  in  his  favor  in  the 
United  States  Court ;  but  meantime  his  patent  was  nearly  out, 
and  his  application  for  a  renewal  was  denied  by  the  votes  of 
those  whose  fortunes  he  had  made.  In  Georgia,  in  the  courts, 


48  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

witnesses,  judges,  and  juries  gave  way,  in  spite  of  law  and 
evidence,  before  the  rapacity  of  the  planters.  "  In  one  in 
stance,"  says  Whitney,  "I  had  great  difficulty  in  proving 
that  the  machine  had  been  used  in  Georgia,  although  at  the 
same  moment  there  were  three  separate  sets  of  this  machinery 
in  motion  within  fifty  yards  of  the  building  in  which  the  court 
sat,  and  all  so  near  that  the  rattling  of  the  wheels  was  distinctly 
heard  on  the  steps  of  the  court-house." 

To  return  to  table  XIV.  In  manufactures,  the  North  has 
more  than  twenty  times;  in  tonnage  owned  in  1855,  three 
times ;  and  in  tonnage  built  in  the  same  year,  three  hundred 
and  fifty  times  as  much  as  the  South.  The  "  tonnage  built " 
in  1855,  in  South  Carolina,  consisted  of  one  schooner  of  sixty- 
one  tons  burden.  This  is  since  the  sitting  of  several  Southern 
conventions,  in  which  they  resolved  to  have  an  extensive  com 
merce  of  their  own,  not  only  with  Europe,  but  with  Brazil  and 
Central  America.  As  to  education,  the  New  England  figures 
are  twenty  times  as  large  as  those  of  Carolina. 

Table  XV.  is  a  comparison  between  Massachusetts  and  an 
equal  extent  of  territory  in  Virginia.  The  portion  of  Virginia 
taken  is  the  southeastern,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  mountains. 
It  includes  Norfolk,  the  commercial  capital  of  Virginia,  and  the 
land  taken  is  naturally  as  good  as  that  of  other  parts  of  the 
State,  and  much  better  than  the  lands  in  Massachusetts.  The 
age  of  the  two  sections  is  about  the  same.  As  compared  with 
Virginia,  the  white  population  in  Massachusetts  «is  ten  times  as 
great,  and  five  times  as  great  as  its  total  white  and  slave.  Her 
lands  are  worth  nearly  six  times  as  much  per  acre,  and  almost 
twice  as  much  as  the  lands  and  slaves  of  the  Virginia  counties 
added  together,  although  they  constitute  the  most  dense  slave 
section  of  the  State  (the  slaves  being  worth  twice  as  much  as 
the  lands  and  buildings).  The  agricultural  products  of  Massa 
chusetts,  at  De  Bow's  prices,  are  nearly  double  those  of  the 
Virginia  counties,  while  her  manufacturing  products  are  more 
than  forty  times  as  great,  and  eight  times  as  much  in  a  single  year 
as  the  whole  value  of  this  great  portion  of  Virginia,  including 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW. 


49 


. 


*»    e 

ll 


S    « 
o    „>> 


Scholars  in  the 

Public  Schools 

in  1850. 


lsS§ 


Pupils  in  Colleges, 
Academies,  and  Pri 
vate  Schools,  1850. 


Amount  of  Tonnage 
Built  in  1855. 


Tonnage  Owned 
June  30,  1855. 


Value  of 

Manufactures, 

1850. 


Value  of  Agricul 
tural  Products  in 
1850,  according  to 
DeBow. 


Value  of  Slaves 
at  $400  per  Slave. 


Value  of  Slaves 

per  Acre 
at  $400  per  Slave. 


«->-->-- 

i  ^  rH  ^  »  *  c  ?  r:  -  »  ~  —  co  ^  rji 
S  oc  ?i  r-:  -/.  x  ?.  r  Jl  ex  o  cS 


rccV-T^oc  y  '-£  »;t  i~  i~ i—  o 
i  ?i  co  tN  ~.  M  i~  <~.  ~  >.-  >~  -. 


8888 


Slaves  in  1850. 


•*  o  cc  cc 


White  Population 
in  1850. 


Cash  Value  of 

Farms  per  acre 

in  1850. 


Cash  value  of 
Farms 
in  1850. 


Acres  of 

Unimproved  Land 
in  1850. 


Acres  of 

Improved  Land 

in  1850. 


Counties  in  Virginia 
of  area  equal  to  the 

State  of 
Massachusetts. 


i~  i?7  "K 

Oi  (M  an  I 


-  -  -".  ~.  ~S  b'  :~-  i  -  :-"i  '^  '-B  i-  o 
;  -^  7 1  c-i  -;  i  T  c  ur  c  ^  cc^  cs. 


Iliilliilllll! 


8 


50 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


its  commercial  capital.  Tonnage  owned,  Massachusetts  twenty- 
eight  parts,  Virginia  one  part;  tonnage  built  in  1855,  Massa 
chusetts  thirty-seven  parts,  Virginia  one  part.  Education, 
scholars,  Massachusetts  twenty-one  parts,  Virginia  one  part. 

TABLE   XVI. 

Population,  Crops,  and  other  Statistics  of  Plymouth  and  Norfolk  Counties, 
in  Massachusetts,  and  James  City  and  Westmoreland  Counties,  in  Virginia, 
for  the  year  1850. 


Population,  Crops,  &c. 

Plymouth 
County, 
Mass. 

James  City 
County, 
Va. 

Norfolk 
County, 
Mass. 

Westmore 
land 
County,Va. 

Whites   

55,241 
456 

55,697 
9;506 
17,842 
11,249 

50 
2.447 

101:135 

114,254 

$6,048,442 
$28.08 
2,458 
11,855 
5,384 
4,574 
251 
17,143 
26,809 
105,243 
208,402 

871 
3.267 
239 
374,816 
130,478 
28,532 
12 
162 

16,643 
3,352 
$176,102 
$13,502 
$19,205 
21 
$2,397,305 
8,024 
$6,713,906 
$953 

1,489 
663 
1,868 
4,020 
396 
540 
315 

52 
129 
21,251 
44,132 
$561.931 
$8.59 
534 
2.365 
1,217 
4,009 
25,476 

22.040 
102,430 
2,789 
5,730 
300 

17,785 
8 

2,197 

$14,339 
$365 

none. 
ti 

$544 

78,643 
249 

78.892 
12;545 
23,460 
18,252 

64 
2,637 

107,884 
67,444 
$13,748:505 
$78.41 
3,311 
12,656 
580 
8,209 
356 
17,423 
14,939 
112.132 
253.158 

3,952 

5,462 
454 
347,089 
90,160 
41,588 
81 

879 

1,047 
$289,809 
$136,796 
$55,458 
91 
$5,433.300 
15,628 
$13.323:595 
$25,702 

3,376 
1147 

3,557 
8,080 
869 
1,330 
367 

398 
443 
68,627 
6,450 
$1.132.197 
$8.70 
1.101 
6.225 
3,676 
8,237 
82,774 
502 
7,897 
269,115 
4,970 
6,176 
1,350 

28,437 

32 
129 

1,34G 

8,603 
3,700 
$41,740 
$26 
$512 
2 
$3,330 
19 
$16,300 
$7,843 

Free  Colored  

Slaves  

Total 

Dwellings  

Whites  between  the  ages  of  5  and  20 
Pupils  in  public  &  private  schools 
Natives  unable  to  read  and  write, 
over  20  years  of  age  

Number  of  Farms 

Acres  of  Improved  Land  

Acres  of  Unimproved  Land  
Value  of  Farms  

Number  of  Horses  and  Mules.  .  .  . 
"       "  Neat  Cattle 

"       "  Sheep  

"        "   Swine  . 

Wheat  bushels 

Rye,           "       

Oats,          " 

Indian  Corn,  bushels  

Irish  Potatoes       ' 

Sweet  Potatoes,     '      

Peas  and  Beans,   ' 

Barley,                  '      

Buckwheat,           ' 

Cheese,       "       

Hay,  tons 

Hops,  pounds  

Clover  Seed  bushels 

•Other  Grass  Seed,  bushels  

Tobacco,  pounds 

Cotton,  bales  

Wool,  pounds  

Beeswax  and  Honey,  pounds  
Value  of  Animals  slaughtered.  .  .  . 
Value  of  Produce  of  Market  Gard's 
"     "  Orchard  Products  .     .. 

Wine,  gallons  

Manufacturing  Capital  

Number  of  Hands  

Annual  Product 

Value  of  Domestic  Manufactures  . 

A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  51 

Table  XVI.  is  a  comparison  between  the  counties  of  Nor 
folk  and  Plymouth  in  Massachusetts,  and  the  counties  of  West 
moreland  and  James  City  in  Virginia,  as  to  population,  educa 
tion,  agriculture,  etc. 

James  City  Co.  is  the  county  in  which  are  situated  James 
town,  the  Plymouth  of  Virginia,  and  William  and  Mary's 
College,  the  rival  in  age  of  Harvard  University.  Jamestown 
now  contains  two  houses,  and  of  William  and  Mary's  College 
it  is  said  that  it  seldom  has  more  than  forty  students  (the 
Census  Compendium  gives  it  thirty-five  in  1850).  Westmore 
land  Co.  is  the  native  county  of  Washington.  Of  the  Massa 
chusetts  counties,  Norfolk  is  the  county  of  the  Adamses,  and 
Plymouth  that  of  the  Pilgrim  settlement. 

VALUE  OF  LAND  IN  NORTHERN  AND  SOUTHERN  COUNTIES. 

The  value  of  land  per  acre  in  some  of  the  counties  in  the 
South,  where  there  is  the  largest  proportion  of  slaves,  is  as 
follows,  viz : 

Charles  Co.,  Maryland  (whites  5,665  ;  slaves  9,584),  $10.50. 

Amelia  Co.,  Virginia  (whites,  2,785 ;  slaves,  6,819),  $7.60. 

Beaufort,  Colleton,  and  Georgetown  Co.'s,  South  Carolina 
(whites,  14,915  ;  slaves,  71,904),  $7.30. 

The  value  of  land  per  acre  in  some  Northern  counties  is  as 
follows,  viz :  Huds&n  Co.,  New  Jersey,  $178 ;  Delaware  Co., 
Pennsylvania,  $86. 

No  more  tables  will  be  given  in  the  department  of  agricul 
ture.  Some  further  comparisons  and  illustrations  are  given. 

Virginia,  free,  and  as  thickly  settled  as  Massachusetts,  would 
have  had,  in  1850,  7,751,324  whites  instead  of  894,800. 

Massachusetts,  a  slave  State,  and  as  thinly  populated  as 
Virginia,  would  have  had  in  1850,  102,351  white  inhabitants 
instead  of  985,450. 

Virginia,  free,  would  have  had  an  annual  product  of  manu 
factures  amounting  to  $1,190,072,592.  instead  of  $29,705,387. 


52  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

Massachusetts,  a  slave  State,  would  have  had  manufactures 
amounting  to  $3,776,601,  instead  of  $151,137,145. 

Virginia,  free,  would  have  been  worth  in  real  and  personal 
property  (on  the  basis  of  the  census  estimate),  $4,333,525,367, 
instead  of  (value  of  slaves  deducted)  $203,635,238. 

Massachusetts,  a  slave  State,  would  have  been  worth 
$48,604,335  instead  of  $551,106,824. 

Boston,  with  slavery,  according  to  the  increase  of  population 
in  Virginia,  would  have  contained  3,489  people  instead  of 
136,881.  In  the  whole  South  there  are  less  than  fifty  cities 
with  a  population  of  3,500. 

Richmond,  Virginia,  free,  according  to  the  increase  of  popu 
lation  in  Massachusetts,  would  have  contained  1,076,669  free 
people  instead  of  17,643. 

If  Virginia  had  not  a  settler  within  her  territory,  and  should 
be  opened  at  once  to  free  settlement,  in  ten  years  she  would 
have  nearly  as  many  white  inhabitants  as  she  now  has,  two 
hundred  and  fifty  years  after  her  settlement,  and  in  twenty 
years  she  would  have  nearly  as  many  whites  as  the  whole 
number  of  slaveholding  States  now  have,  provided  60,000 
settlers  should  go  in  the  first  year,  and  that  the  rate  of  increase 
should  be  as  great  as  that  of  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  or  Minnesota. 
Even  with  this  population  of  twenty  years,  she  would  not  be  so 
densely  peopled  as  Massachusetts  was  in  *L850.  The  figures 
prove  our  statements :  thus,  Wisconsin  had,  in  1840,  30,749 
whites;  in  1850,  304,756.  Ratio  of  increase  89.11  per  cent. 
Assume  60,000  whites  in  Virginia  at  the  close  of  the  first  year, 
and  the  rate  of  increase  as  above,  then  in  ten  years  she  would 
have  594,660  white  inhabitants,  and  in  twenty  years  5,793,475. 
Number  of  whites  in  Virginia  in  1850,  894,800 ;  in  the  slave- 
holding  States,  6,184,477.  Thus,  as  to  population,  slavery  in 
two  hundred  and  fifty  years  has  done  the  work  of  twenty.  As 
to  the  value  of  lands,  it  has  done  still  worse.  Thus,  in  little 
more  than  ten  years,  Wisconsin  had  brought  up  the  value  of 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  53 

her  farms  per  acre  to  $9.54 ;  Virginia  in  two  hundred  and  fifty 
years  had  barely  raised  the  price  of  her  lands  to  $8.27. 

We  give  below,  from  different  authorities,  the  past  and 
present  condition  of  the  lands  of  the  Free  and  Slave  States. 

"  New  England"  (says  "  A  perfect  description  of  Virginia," 
published  in  London  in  1G49)  "is  in  a  good  condition  of  liveli 
hood  ;  but  for  matter  of  any  great  hope  but  fishing  there  is  not 
much."  Compared  to  Virginia,  "it's  as  Scotland  is  to  England, 
so  much  difference,  and  lies  upon  the  same  land  northward  as 
Scotland  does  to  England ;  there  is  much  cold,  frost,  and  snow ; 
their  land  is  barren,  except  a  herring  be  put  into  the  hole  you  set 
the  corn  in,  it  will  not  come  up ;  and  it  was  a  great  pity  all 
those  planters,  now  about  20,000,  did  not  seat  themselves  at  first 
at  the  south  of  Virginia,  in  a  warm  and  rich  country,  where  their 
industry  could  have  produced  sugar,  indigo,  ginger,  cotton,  and 
the  like  commodities," 

Said  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  in  1612,  speaking  of  Virginia,  "Take 
four  of  the  best  kingdoms  in  Christendom,  and  put  them  all 
together,  they  may  no  way  compare  with  this  country  either 
for  commodities  or  goodness  of  soil." 

Says  Beverley  at  a  later  period :  "  In  extreme  fruitfulness, 
it  (Virginia)  is  exceeded  by  no  other.  No  seed  is  sown  there 
but  it  thrives,  and  most  of  the  northern  plants  are  improved 
by  being  transplanted  thither." 

Says  Lane,  the  Governor  of  Raleigh  colony,  in  1585,  speak 
ing  of  Virginia  and  Carolina:  "  It  is  the  goodliest  soil  under  tho 
cope  of  heaven,  the  most  pleasing  territory  of  the  world. 
The  climate  is  so  wholesome  that  we  have  not  one  sick  since 
we  touched  the  land.  If  Virginia  had  but  horses  and  kine. 
and  were  inhabited  with  English,  no  realm  in  Christendom 
were  comparable  to  it." 

Such  was  the  country  which  slavery  took  two  hundred  years 
ago :  and  any  quantity  of  testimony  to  its  fertility  could  be 
quoted.  Mark  the  change  which  slavery  has  made. 

Says  Washington  (letter  to  Arthur  Young,  Nov.  1,  1787), 

5* 


54  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

"  Our  lands,  as  I  mentioned  to  you,  were  originally  very  good, 
but  use  and  abuse  have  made  them  quite  otherwise." 

Says  Olmsted  (Seaboard  Slave  States,  pages  63  and  65), 
speaking  of  the  lands,  stock,  and  vehicles  of  a  certain  locality 
in  eastern  Virginia  in  1855:  "Oldfields' —  a  coarse,  yellow, 
sandy  soil,  bearing  scarce  anything  but  pine  trees  and  broom- 
sedge.  In  some  places,  for  acres,  the  pines  would  not  be  above 
five  feet  high — that  was  land  that  had  been  in  cultivation, 
used  up,  and  '  turned  out '  not  more  than  six  or  eight  years 
before ;  then  there  were  patches  of  every  age ;  sometimes  the 
trees  were  a  hundred  feet  high.  At  long  intervals  there  were 
fields  in  which  the  pine  was  just  beginning  to  spring  in  beauti 
ful  green  plumes  from  the  ground,  and  was  yet  hardly  noticeable 
among  the  dead  brown  grass  and  sassafras  bushes  and  black 
berry  vines,  which  nature  first  sends  to  hide  the  nakedness  of 
the  impoverished  earth. 

"  Of  living  creatures,  for  miles,  not  one  was  to  be  seen  (not 
even  a  crow  or  a  snow-bird),  except  hogs.  These  —  long, 
lank,  snake-headed,  hairy,  wild  beasts  —  would  come  dashing 
across  our  path,  in  packs  of  from  three  to  a  dozen,  with  short 
hasty  grunts,  almost  always  at  a  gallop,  and  looking  neither  to 
the  right  nor  left,  as  if  they  were  in  pursuit  of  a  fox,  and  were 
quite  certain  to  catch  him  in  the  next  hundred  yards."  (Num 
ber  of  swine  in  Virginia  in  1850,  1,829,843.) 

"  We  turned  the  corner,  following  some  slight  traces  of  a 
road,  and  shortly  afterwards  met  a  curious  vehicular  establish 
ment,  probably  belonging  to  the  master  of  the  hounds.  It 
consisted  of  an  axle-tree  and  wheels,  and  a  pair  of  shafts,  made 
of  unbarked  saplings,  in  which  was  harnessed,  by  attachments 
of  raw-hide  and  rope,  a  single  small  ox.  There  was  a  bit 
made  of  telegraph  wire  in  his  mouth,  by  which  he  was  guided, 
through  the  mediation  of  a  pair  of  much  knotted  rope-reins,  by 
a  white  man  —  a  dignified  sovereign  wearing  a  brimless  crown 
—  who  sat  upon  a  two-bushel  sack  (of  meal,  I  hope,  for  the 
hounds'  sake),  balanced  upon  the  axle-tree ;  and  who  saluted 


A   STATISTICAL   VIEW.  55 

me  with  a  frank  '  How  are  you  ? '  as  we  -came  opposite  each 
other." 

Said  Henry  A.  Wise,  in  1855,  during  his  canvass  for  Gov- 
enor,  speaking  to  the  Virginians :  "  You  all  own  plenty  of  land, 
but  it  is  poverty  added  to  poverty.  Poor  land  added  to  poor  land, 
and  nothing  added  to  nothing  makes  nothing ;  while  the  owner  is 
talking  politics  at  Richmond,  or  in  Congress,  or  spending  the 
summer  at  the  White  Springs,  the  lands  grow  poorer  and  poorer, 
and  this  soon  brings  land,  negroes,  and  all,  under  the  hammer. 
You  have  the  owners  skinning  the  negroes,  and  the  negroes 
skinning  the  land,  until  all  grow  poor  together. 

"  You  have  relied  alone  on  the  single  power  of  agriculture, 
and  such  agriculture  !  Your  sedge-patches  outshine  the  sun ; 
your  inattention  to  your  only  source  of  wealth  has  scared  the 
bosom  of  mother  Earth.  Instead  of  having  to  feed  cattle  on  a 
thousand  hills,  you  have  to  chase  the  stump-tailed  steer  through 
the  sedge-patches  to  procure  a  tough  beef-steak."  (Number  of 
neat  cattle  in  Virginia,  in  1850,  1,076,269.) 

"  I  have  heard  a  story  —  I  will  not  locate  it  here  or  there  — 
about  the  condition  of  the  prosperity  of  our  agriculture.  I  was 
told  by  a  gentleman  in  Washington,  not  long  ago,  that  he  was 
travelling  in  a  county  not  a  hundred  miles  from  this  place,  and 
overtook  one  of  our  citizens  on  horseback,  with  perhaps,  a  bag 
of  hay  for  a  saddle,  without  stirrups,  and  the  leading  line  for  a 
bridle,  and  he  said,  *  Stranger,  whose  house  is  that  ? '  t  It  is 
mine/  was  the  reply.  They  came  to  another.  '  Whose  house 
is  that?'  'Mine,  too,  stranger/  To  a  third,  'And  whose 
house  is  that?'  'That's  mine,  too,  stranger;  but  don't  sup 
pose  I'm  so  darned  poor  as  to  own  all  the  land  about  here/" 

Wise  was  speaking  at  Alexandria,  in  Fairfax  Co.,  the 
county  of  Mount  Vernon,  and  the  farm  of  Washington.  In 
certain  parts,  this  county  has  been  wonderfully  improved  by 
Northern  emigrants,  who  have  purchased  lands  and  applied 
free  labor  and  skill  to  them.  So  much  have  they  improved  their 


56  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

portion,  that  the  Patent  Office  Eeport  says,  "  A  traveller  who 
passed  over  it  ten  years  ago  would  not  now  recognize  it." 

Says  the  Hon.  Willoughby  Newton,  of  Virginia,  in  his  agri 
cultural  address,  in  1850 :  "  I  look  upon  the  introduction  of 
guano,  and  the  success  attending  its  application  to  our  barren 
lands,  in  the  light  of  a  special  interposition  of  Divine  Provi 
dence,  to  save  the  northern  neck  of  Virginia  from  reverting 
into  its  former  state  of  wilderness  and  utter  desolation.  Until 
the  discovery  of  guano  —  more  valuable  to  us  than  the  mines 
of  California  —  I  looked  upon  the  possibility  of  renovating  our 
soil,  of  ever  bringing  it  to  a  point  capable  of  producing  remu 
nerating  crops,  as  utterly  hopeless."  Is  Virginia  to  be  saved 
by  guano  ?  Mr.  Newton  recommends  the  application  of  two 
hundred  pounds  per  acre.  Number  of  acres  of  land  under 
cultivation  in  Virginia  in  1850,  26,152,311.  Amount  of  guano 
requisite  to  cover  this  land,  at  the  rate  of  two  hundred  pounds 
per  acre,  2,615,231  tons.  This,  at  $50  per  ton,  would  cost 
$130,761,550.  Guano  must  be  applied  every  other  year. 
This  would  give  the  annual  amount  1,307,615  tons,  and  the 
annual  cost  $65,380,775.  Where  is  the  money  to  pay  this 
annual  tax  to  come  from  ?  How  long  would  it  take  the  perma 
nent  registered  tonnage  of  Virginia  (9,246  tons  in  1855)  to 
import  enough  for  one  year's  use  ?  And  then  the  spectacle  of 
this  magnificent  fleet  (of  eighteen  vessels  of  five  hundred  tons, 
or  thirty  of  three  hundred),  officered  by  the  chivalry,  and 
manned  by  slaves,  toting  bird-manure  around  Cape  Horn,  in 
quantities  enough  to  cover  the  worn-out  surface  of  the  Old 
Dominion ! 

Of  North  Carolina,  the  Patent  Office  Eeport  for  1851  says 
(communication  of  G.  S.  Sullivan,  of  Lincoln  Co.),  "We 
raise  no  stock  of  any  kind  except  for  home  consumption,  and 
not  half  enough  of  that;  for  we  have  now  worn  out  our  lands 
so  much,  that  we  do  not  grow  food  enough  to  maintain  them." 

Of  Alabama  (communication  of  N.  B.  Powell)  :    "  We  are 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  57 

the  most  dependent  people  in  the  Union,  rely  mainly,  as  we 
do,  upon  our  neighbors  of  the  West  for  nearly  all  our  supplies." 

Says  Olmsted  (page  475)  of  the  threshing  of  rice  in  South 
Carolina:  "Threshing  commences  immediately  after  harvest, 
and  on  many  plantations  proceeds  very  tediously,  in  the  old 
way  of  threshing  wheat  with  flails  by  hand,  occupying  the  best 
of  the  plantation  force  for  the  most  of  the  winter.  It  is  done 
on  an  earthen  floor  in  the  open  air,  and  the  rice  is  cleaned  by 
carrying  it  on  the  heads  of  the  negroes,  by  a  ladder,  up  on  to 
a  platform,  twenty  feet  from  the  ground,  and  pouring  it  slowly 
down,  so  that  the  wind  will  drive  off  the  chaff,  and  leave  the 
grain  in  a  heap  under  the  platform."  Threshing  machines 
have,  however,  been  introduced  on  some  large  plantations. 

Of  Alabama,  says  Hon.  C.  C.  Clay,  Jr.,  a  politician  and 
leading  man,  in  an  address  in  1855:  "lean  show  you,  with 
sorrow,  in  the  older  portions  of  Alabama,  and  in  my  native 
county  of  Madison,  the  sad  memorials  of  the  artless  and  ex 
hausting  culture  of  cotton.  Our  small  planters,  after  taking  the 
cream  off  their  lands,  unable  to  restore  them  by  rest,  manures, 
or  otherwise,  are  going  farther  west  and  south,  in  search  of 
other  virgin  lands,  which  they  may  and  will  despoil  and  im 
poverish  in  like  manner." 

"In  1825,  Madison  county  cast  about  3,000  votes;  now  she 
cannot  cast  exceeding  2,300.  In  traversing  that  county,  one 
will  discover  numerous  farm-houses,  once  the  abode  of  indus 
trious  and  intelligent  freemen,  now  occupied  by  slaves,  or 
tenantless,  deserted,  and  dilapidated;  he  will  observe  fields, 
once  fertile,  now  unfenced,  abandoned,  and  covered  with  those 
evil  harbingers  —  fox-tail  and  broom-sedge;  he  will  see  the 
moss  growing  on  the  mouldering  walls  of  once  thrifty  villages  ; 
and  will  find  (  one  only  master  grasps  the  whole  domain '  that 
once  furnished  happy  homes  for  a  dozen  white  families.  In 
deed,  a  county  in  its  infancy,  where  fifty  years  ago  scarce  a 
forest  tree  had  been  felled  by  the  axe  of  the  pioneer,  is  already 
exhibiting  the  painful  signs  of  senility  and  decay,  apparent  in 


58  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

Virginia  and  the  Carolinas ;  the  freshness  of  its  agricultural 
glory  is  gone ;  the  vigor  of  its  youth  is  extinct,  and  the  spirit 
of  desolation  seems  brooding  over  it." 

Enough  of  these  extracts  to  show  the  blight  of  slavery  in  the 
department  of  agriculture ;  no  extracts  are  needed  to  show 
that  the  farms  in  the  Free  States  increase  in  value  with  every 
succeeding  year.  It  is  not  now  necessary  "  that  a  herring  be 
put  into  the  hole  "  with  corn,  "  or  it  will  not  come  up." 


CHAPTER    V. 


MANUFACTURES. 

THE  tables  in  this  chapter,  compiled  —  when  no  other 
authority  is  given  —  from  the  Compendium  of  the  Census  of 
1850,  show  the  state  of  manufactures  in  the  United  States  for 
the  year  ending  June,  1850.  The  tables  for  1850  are  preceded 
by  tables  (from  the  annual  Report  of  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  on  the  Finances,  for  1855)  giving  the  population, 
and  value  of  the  manufactures,  of  the  several  Free  and  Slave 
States  for  the  years  1820  and  1840.  The  returns  for  1820 
were  defective  in  some  particulars,  and  the  article  of  sugar  is 
included  among  the  manufactures  for  1840. 

TABLE   XVII. 

Population  and  Value  of  Manufactures  in  the  Free  States,  for  the  years 
1820  and  1840. 


FREE  STATES. 

Population 
in  1820. 

Population 
in  1840. 

Value  of 
Manufactures 
for  1820. 

Value  of 
Manufactures 
for  1840. 

275,202 

309,978 

$2,413,029 

$21,057,523 

Illinois  

55,211 

476,183 

100,983 

8,021,582 

Indiana  

147,178 

685,866 

397,814 

9,379,586 

Iowa  

43,112 

483,700 

Maine  .  .  . 

298,335 

501,793 

486  473 

14  525,217 

Massachusetts  .... 

523,287 
8,896 

737,699 
212,267 

2,523,614 
100,460 

73,777,837 
3,898,676 

New  Hampshire  .  .  . 
New  Jersey  

244,161 
277,575 

284,574 
373,306 

747,959 
1,175,139 

10,523,313 
19,571,496 

New  York 

1  372  812 

2,428,921 

9  792,072 

95,840,194 

Ohio     . 

581  434 

1,519,467 

5  290  427 

31,458,401 

Pennsylvania  
Rhode  Island  
Vermont  

1,049,458 
83,059 
235,764 

1,724,033 
108,830 
291,948 

6,895,219 
1,617,221 
890,353 

64,494,960 
13,807,297 
6,923,982 

Wisconsin  

30,945 

1,680,808 

Total  

5  152  372 

9,698,922 

$32  430  763 

$375,444,572 

(59) 


60 


THE   NORTH   AND    THE    SOUTH. 


TABLE    XVIII. 

Population  and  Value  of  Manufactures  in  the  Slave  States,  for  the  years 
1820  and  1840. 


SLAVE  STATES. 

Population 
in  1820. 

Population 
in  1840. 

Value  of 
Manufactures 
for  1820. 

Value  of 
Manufactures 
for  1840. 

Alabama  
Arkansas  .         .  . 

127,901 
14,273 
72,749 

340,987 
564,317 
153,407 
407,350 
75,448 
66,586 
638,829 
502,741 
422,813 
1,065,379 

590,756 
97,574 
78,085 
54,477 
691,392 
779,828 
352,411 
470,019 
375,651 
383,702 
753,419 
359,000 
829,210 
1,239,797 

$101,207 
56,408 
1,318,891 

607,751 
2,296,726 
272,500 
5,027,336 
none. 
297,443 
445,398 
168,666 
2,352,127 
6,686,699 

$4,975,871 
2,614,880 
2,709,068 
915,080 
5,324,307 
13,221,958 
11,378,383 
13,509,636 
3,562,370 
5,946,759 
7,234,567 
5,638,823 
8,517,394 
20,684,608 

Delaware 

Florida  

Georgia  

Kentucky  

Louisiana  

Mississippi  

Missouri  .    .       . 

North  Carolina  .  .  . 
South  Carolina  .  .  . 
Tennessee  

Virginia.  .    .       . 

Total  

4,452,780 

7,055,321 

$19,631,152 

$106,233,713 

Taking  tables  XX.  and  XIX.  without  the  modifications  sug 
gested  hereafter,  and  the  relation  of  the  North  and  South  to 
manufactures  in  1850,  was  as  follows,  viz : 

In  the  North.  In  the  South. 

Capital  invested  in  manufactures $430,240,051        $  95,029,879 

Value  of  raw  material  used 465,844,092  86,190,639 

Number  of  hands  employed,  males. . .          576,954  140,377 

"  "  "          females .  203,622  21,360 

Annual  wages     195,976,453  33,257,560 

"       products 842,586,058  165,413,027 

"       profit 376,741,966  79,222,388 

"       profit  per  cent 42  44 

"       wages  per  hand,  males  and 

females 251  206 

"       product      "  "  "  1,079  1,029 

"       profit          "  "  "  484  489 

From  this  aggregate  of  Southern  manufactures  should  be 
deducted  the  manufactures  of  certain  counties  where  there  is  a 
large  or  predominating  free  population  born  out  of  the  limits  of 


A   STATISTICAL    VIEW. 


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A    STATISTICAL    VIEW. 


the  several  States  in  which  the  counties  are  situated.  The 
amount  of  the  manufactures,  and  the  character  of  the  popula 
tion,  as  regards  birth,  of  the  most  important  of  these  counties, 
is  shown  in  the  following  table.  Even  this  deduction  leaves 
too  large  a  balance  for  Southern  manufactures,  proper,  for 
everywhere  throughout  the  South  the  most  thriving  manufac 
tures  were  founded,  or  are  sustained,  by  Northern  capital,  skill, 
or  labor. 

TABLE  XXI. 

A  Statement  of  the  Number  of  Free  Inhabitants  born  within  and  without  cer 
tain  Counties  of  the  Slave  States,  in  which  there  is  a  large  or  predominating 
exotic  Population,  with  the  Amount  of  Capital  invested  in  Manufacture, 
Number  of  Hands  Employed,  and  the  Annual  Product  thereof  in  1850. 


COUNTIES. 

Free  Popula 
tion  born  out 
of  the  State  in 
rhich  each  Co. 
is  situated. 

Do.  born  in  the 
State. 

Capital. 

Hands  Em 
ployed. 

Annual 
Product. 

Newcastle  Del 

13801 

28555 

$2  593  830 

3,235 

s:jf)}r,,.7,)9 

Baltimore,  Md  

61,472 

142,456 

9,929.332 

23,863 

24,540,014 

Ohio  Va 

9020 

8822 

084,111 

2,493 

2,401,434 

Charleston  S  C 

7  844 

21225 

1  487  800 

1  413 

2,749,961 

Muscogee,  Geo  

2,589 

7,838 

713,217 

719 

738,580 

3252 

5,183 

775,600 

995 

1,020,651 

Mobile    Ala 

10  379 

7865 

522800 

540 

1,261,450 

Orleans,  La  

68525 

32,867 

2,969,660 

3,134 

4,470,454 

2907 

908 

46,450 

131 

207,100 

Davidson,  Tenn  

7,716 

16.991 

855,015 

1,219 

1,075,287 

Shelby   Tenn  

9077 

7720 

424,130 

789 

840,789 

30174 

18  746 

4  115,582 

8  865 

11,002,103 

St.  Louis,  Mo  

71,617 

27,394 

5,215,716 

10,239 

16,046,621 

Total 

298373 

326565 

$30833143 

57636 

$70,296,743 

This  table  includes  the  counties  in  which  are  situated  the 
cities  of  Baltimore,  Wheeling,  Louisville,  St.  Louis,  New 
Orleans,  Mobile,  Charleston,  and  some  others.  It  will  be 
seen  that,  in  these  counties,  the  free  population  born  within 
and  without  the  limits  of  each  State,  respectively,  is  nearly 
equal.  The  manufacturing  establishments  in  these  counties 
are  generally  confined  to  their  cities,  and  a  table  showing 
the  origin  of  the  free  population  of  the  cities  only,  would  give 


64  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

a  large  preponderance  of  persons  born  without  the  limits  of 
their  respective  States.  The  means  of  constructing  such  a  table 
are  not  accessible.  There  are,  besides,  other  counties  of 
smaller  size  which  should  be  included  with  those  in  the  fore 
going  table.  These  are  necessarily  omitted. 

Deducting  the  aggregates  of  this  table  from  the  total  manu 
factures  reported  for  the  South,  and  there  are  left  for  the 
manufactures  of  the  Slave  States, 

Capital,    v        ^';  >:'      •     ;V: "':  "•    $64,196,736 
Hands  employed,  males  and  females,  104,101 

Annual  product,        V    —*'••..'     V   $95,116,284 
Annual  product  per  head,  .      '.'''.'  914 

Adding  the  aggregates  of  table  XXI.  to  those  reported  above 
for  the  manufactures  of  the  North,  and  the  total  manufactures 
of  the  free  population  of  the  United  States,  will  be : 

Capital,  .         .     •  .        >  '•.•''•';-.       .     $461,073,194 

Hands  employed,  males  and  females,  838,212 

Annual  product,       .        .        .        .     $912,882,801 

Annual  product  per  head,        '  #      -i  . "  1,089 

Further  amendment  of  these  aggregates  should  be  made  by 

adding  for  California  —  in  which  State  the  marshal's  returns 

for  1850  were  generally  defective,  and  for  the  most  important 

localities  lost  or  destroyed  by  fire  —  the  following  estimates, 

based  on  the  returns  of  the  State  census  for  that  State,  taken 

in  1852,  and  ordered  by  Congress  to  be  made  a  part  of  the 

National  census,  viz : 

Capital,     .        .        \   ".':'.'  •--.       $5,942,526 
Annual  product,     •'•-'.    i*  '*  I  .  *  - -;  ^      30,000,000 
The  true  total,  then,  of  the  manufactures  of  the  free  popula 
tion  of  the  United  States  for  1850  will  be : 

Capital  invested,     '•&•'•    J     "';..        .$467,015,720 
Hands  employed,  males  and  females,  838,212 

Annual  product,          .         .     ,  i  .      .$942,882,801 
Thus,  then,  in  seven  tunes  the  capital  invested,  in  eight 


A   STATISTICAL   VIEW.  65 

times  the  number  of  hands  employed,  in  ten  times  the  annual 
product,  is  the  triumph  of  freedom  over  slavery  seen  in  the 
department  of  manufactures.  And  this,  after  allowing  to 
slavery  millions  of  the  capital  of  the  North,  thousands  of  its 
intelligent  mechanics  and  operatives,  and  hundreds  of  its  in 
ventions  and  improvements,  scattered  throughout  the  South, 
wherever  machinery  is  in  motion,  or  labor  skillfully  applied  to 
it.  And  this  stagnation  and  sleep  of  slavery  beneath  the 
thundering  of  its  thousands  of  waterfalls,  and  beside  its  mil 
lions  of  cotton  bales. 

Well  did  Governor  Wise  say  to  the  Virginians :  "  You  have 
the  line  of  the  Alleghanies,  that  beautiful  ridge  which  stands 
placed  there  by  the  Almighty,  not  to  obstruct  the  way  of  people 
to  market,  but  placed  there  in  the  very  bounty  of  Providence, 
to  milk  the  clouds,  to  make  the  sweet  springs  which  are  the 
sources  of  your  rivers.  And  at  the  head  of  every  stream  is 
the  waterfall,  murmuring  the  very  music  of  your  power.  And 
yet  commerce  has  long  ago  spread  her  sails  and  sailed  away 
from  you ;  you  have  not  as  yet  dug  more  than  coal  enough  to 
warm  yourselves  at  your  own  hearths ;  you  have  no  tilt-ham 
mer  of  Vulcan,  to  strike  blows  worthy  of  gods  in  the  iron 
foundries.  You  have  not  yet  spun  more  than  coarse  cotton 
enough  to  clothe  your  own  slaves.  You  have  had  no  com 
merce,  no  mining,  no  manufactures."  (Speech  at  Alexandria, 
1855.) 

Table  XXII.  contains  a  list  of  those  counties  in  the  Free 
and  Slave  States  which  had,  in  1850,  the  greatest  relative 
amount  of  manufactures.  The  areas  given  are  from  Baldwin 
and  Thomas'  Gazetteer  of  1854 ;  the  value  of  the  land  is 
ascertained  by  dividing  the  value  given  in  the  Census  Com 
pendium  by  the  whole  area.  The  Southern  counties  taken 
are  such  as  have  no  large  admixture  of  exotic  population.  In 
these  counties  are  included  the  important  cities  of  Wilmington, 
N.  C.,  Lynchburg,  Va.,  and  Clarksville,  Tenn. 
6* 


THE   NORTH   AND    THE    SOUTH. 


TABLE    XXII. 

Counties  in  the  Free  and  Slave  States  which  had,  in  1850,  the  greatest  rela 
tive  Amount  of  Manufactures. 


Counties  in  Free 
States. 

Area  in 
Square 
Miles. 

Popula 
tion. 

Value  of 
Farms. 

Annual 
Product  of 
Manufac 
tories. 

Value  of 
Land  per 
Acre. 

Average 
Product  of 
Manufac 
tures  per 
head  of 
whole  pop 
ulation. 

Bristol,  Mass  
Essex,  Mass  
Middlesex,  Mass. 
Norfolk,  Mass  
Kent  It.  I.     .  . 

617 
500 
830 
520 
180 
807 
620 
450 
270 

76,192 
131,800 
161,383 
78,892 
15,068 
69,967 
65,588 
73^950 
22,569 

$7,101,582 
9.582,992 
19,417,796 
13,748,505 
1,951,111 
14,004,683 
10,413,662 
7,219,566 
3,302,051 

$12,595,695 
22,906,805 
26,548,932 
13,323,595 
2,620,788 
10,888.780 
11,283,816 
16,293,198 
4,213,699 

$21.46 
29.95 
36.55 
41.31 
17.80 
27.12 
26.24 
25,07 
19.11 

$165 
174 
164 
169 
174 
156 
172 
220 
187 

Hartford,  Conn.  . 
N.  Haven,  Conn.  . 
Essex,  N.  J  

Passaic,  N.  J  

Total    

4,684 

694,909 

$86,741,948 

$120,675,308 

$28.94 

$174 

Counties  in 
Slaves  States. 

676 
1,000 
650 

23,245 
17,668 
21,045 

$2,452,604 
1,035.874 
1,359,836 

$1,839,307 
1,409,568 
1,376,300 

$6.65 
1.62 
3.86 

$79 
80 
65 

Campbell,  Va.  .  . 
N.  Hanover,  N.C. 
M'tgomery,  Ten. 

Total. 

2.126 

61,958 

$4,848,314 

$4,625,175J      $3.66 

$74 

Tables  XXEI.  and  XXIV.  show  the  value  of  the  manufac 
tures  of  cotton,  wool,  iron,  the  fisheries,  and  salt,  in  1850.  It 
is  to  be  regretted  that  the  returns  of  the  details  of  the  other 
branches  of  manufactures  have  not  yet  been  published  by 
Congress.  These  tables  will  repay  a  careful  examination. 

Table  XXV.  gives  the  value  of  the  domestic  manufactures 
in  the  several  Free  and  Slave  States,  for  the  year  ending  June, 
1850 ;  and  gives  also  the  annual  increase  of  slaves  in  the 
several  Slave  States,  with  their  value  at  $400  per  head.  It 
is  to  be  understood  that  a  larger  proportion  of  slaves  is  born 
in  the  slave-raising  States,  and  a  smaller  in  the  slave-con 
suming  States,  than  is  shown  by  the  tables.  As  to  this 
product  of  Southern  labor,  or  skill,  or  necessity  —  the  annual 
slave  product  —  it  may  be  classed  indifferently  under  the 
head  of  agriculture,  manufactures,  or  commerce.  As  live 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW. 


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Manufactures  of  Iron 

Casting.— Males. 


Wages  per  month  in 
Manufactures  of 
Pig  Iron. — Males. 


Females 


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A    STATISTICAL    VIEW. 


GO 


TABLE    XXV. 

A.  Statement  of  the  Value  of  the  Domestic  Manufactures  of  the  several  Free 
and  Slave  States  for  the  years  1850;  with  the  average  Annual  Increase, 
and  Value  at  $400  per  head,  of  Slaves,  for  the  ten  years  ending  June,  1850. 


FREE 
STATES. 

Value  of  Do 
mestic  Man 
ufactures  for 
1850. 

SLAVE 

STATES. 

Value  of  Do 
mestic  Man 
ufactures  for 

1850. 

Annual  In 
crease  of 
Slaves  from 
1840  to  1850. 

Value  at 
$400 
per  head. 

California  
Connecticut..  . 
Illinois  
Indiana  
Iowa  

$7,000 
192.252 
1,155.902 
1,631,039 
221  292 

Alabama  ... 
Arkansas  . 
Delaware  .  . 
Florida  

$1.934,120 
938.217 
38,121 
75,582 
1  838968 

8.931 
2,717 
31 
1,359 
10074 

$3.572.400 
1,086,800 
12,400 
543,600 
40^9600 

Maine  

513.599 

Kentucky  . 

2,459.128 

2.872 

1,148,800 

Massachusetts. 
Michigan  
N.  Hampshire. 
New  Jersey  .  . 

205.333 
340.947 
393.455 
112,781 

Louisiana  .  .   . 
Maryland  .    .    . 
Mississippi    .    . 

139,232 
111,828 
1,164.020 

1674  705 

7,636 
63 
11,467 
2918 

3,054,400 
25.200 
4,586,800 
1,167,200 

New  York  
Ohio  
Pennsylvania  . 
Rhode  Island.  . 

1,280,333 
1,712,196 
749,132 
26.495  i 

North  Carolina 
South  Carolina 
Tennessee  
Texas  

2,086,522 
909.525 
3.137.790 
266,984 

4,273 
5,795 
5,640 
5,816 

1,709,200 
2,318,000 
2.256,000 
2,326,400 

Vermont  
Wisconsin  .... 

267,710  : 
43624  j 

Virginia  

2,156,312 

2,344 

937,600 

Total  

88,853,090 

Total  

818,631,054 

71,936 

$28,774,400 

stock  raised  and  fattened  for  market,  it  would  seem  to  be 
long  legitimately  to  the  department  of  agriculture ;  as  an  article 
of  trade,  to  commerce ;  but  a  better  arrangement  is  to  class  it 
with  domestic  manufactures,  that  class  of  manufactures  in 
which  it  will  be  seen  that  the  South  is  ahead.  In  this  work, 
then,  the  slave  product  is  classed  with  domestic  manufactures, 
and  its  value  —  no  estimate  having  been  made  by  De  Bow  — 
computed  from  the  best  authorities,  will  be  included  in  the 
aggregates  for  that  branch  of  manufactures.  The  number  of 
slaves  annually  manufactured  by  the  Northern  Slave  States 
for  the  Southern  markets  is  given  elsewhere  as  25,000 ;  their 
value  at  $400  per  head  is  $10,000,000.  This  is  a  small  estimate 
both  as  to  number  and  value.  As  to  the  capital  invested,  the 
value  of  the  raw  material  used,  the  number  of  hands  employed, 
and  the  annual  wages  paid  in  this  species  of  manufacture,  the 
census  tables  give  no  information. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

COMMERCE. 

IT  is  difficult  to  apportion  the  results  of  commerce  to  the 
several  States.  The  statistics  of  the  great  branch  of  domestic 
or  internal  commerce  are  very  incomplete ;  the  returns  of  the 
minor  branch  of  foreign  or  external  commerce  are  more  full. 
De  Bow  suggests  that  "  half  the  agricultural  products  and  all 
of  the  manufacturing  are  subjects  of  commerce,  and  that  the 
whole  commercial  movement  may  be  estimated  at  between 
$1,500,000,000  and  $2,000,000,000  "  annually.  Adopting  this 
suggestion,  the  value  of  the  products  which  enter  into  the  com 
merce  of  the  two  sections,  for  1850,  would  be  as  follows,  viz : 
Free  States,  .'  *  .  .  .  .  $1,377,199,968 
Slave  States,  -- -V-;.  '>  -  *  ':  •  410,754,992 


Total,  .  .  .  ;  .  .  $1,787,954,960 
No  enumeration,  by  States,  of  the  persons  engaged  in  com 
merce,  trade,  and  navigation,  is  given  in  the  Compendium  of  the 
Census  of  1850.  In  1840,  however,  such  enumeration  was 
made,  and  is  found  in  the  published  census  returns  for  that 
year.  The  number  of  persons  engaged  in  commerce,  navigat 
ing  the  ocean,  and  in  internal  navigation,  was  in  1840  as  fol 
lows,  viz : 

Free  States,    .        .      --.        .        .        .     136,856 
Slave  States,    .        .        .        ...      52,622 

Total,  .        .        .        .-,  189,478 

(70) 


A   STATISTICAL   VIEW.  71 

This  would  give,  in  1850,  as  the  number  of  persons  engaged 
in  commerce  and  navigation,  — 

Free  States,    .        .        .--•..'     -.        .    188,271 
Slave  States,   .     •    .        .        .        .        .      70,165 

Total,  «..     .'-  .-.  -      .    •-..'"-    .    258,436 

Domestic  commerce  is  carried  on  by  the  enrolled  and 
licensed  tonnage  (with  the  participation,  in  a  small  propor 
tion,  of  the  registered),  by  railroads,  canals,  and  public  roads. 
Of  enrolled  and  licensed  tonnage,  there  were  in  1850,  in  the 

Free  States,     ...        .        .        .     1,459,232  tons. 

Slave  States,     .        .        .        .        .       475,405     " 


Total,   .        .        .        :        .;       .     1,934,637     " 

Of  railroads  in  operation  in  1854,  there  were,  miles,  in  the 
Free  States,     .        .      .  .        .      ,..,/,      13,105 
Slave  States,    ...       .«        .        .       4,212 

Total,   .        .        .:       .        ...        .     17,317 

Of  canals,  there  were  in  1854,  miles,  in  the 

Free  States,     '.        .        .        .        .,       .       3,682 
Slave  States,  , .        ,  [     .  : .    .  ,     .  ,. '  .       1,116 

Total,    .        .        .        .-     „        .      ;*       4,798 

There  are  no  statistics  of  the  miles  of  public  roads  in  the 
two  sections,  or  of  the  merchandise  and  produce  transported 
over  them. 

We  may  be  aided  in  forming  an  estimate  of  the  amount  of 
our  domestic  commerce,  by  the  following  tabular  statements, 
from  Andrews'  report : 


72 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


TABLE  XXVI. 

Lake  and  River  Commerce. 


1851. 

NIT. 

GROSS. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

1,985,563 
2,033,400 

$157,236,729 
169,751,372 

3,971,126 

4,066,800 

$314.473,458 

339,502,744 

Afireretrate  .  . 

4,018,963 

$326,988,101 

8,037,926 

$653,976,202 

Coasting  Trade,  Canal  and  Railway  Commerce. 


Estimate  of  1852. 

NET. 

GROSS. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Coasting  trade  »  . 

20,397,490 

9,000,000 
5,407,500 

$1,659,519,686 

594,000,000 
540,750,000 

40,794,980 
18,000,000 
10,815,000 

$3,319,039,372 
1,188,000,000 
1,081,500,000 

34,804,990 

$2,794,269,686 

69,609,980 

$1,588,539,372 

It  is  estimated  by  Andrews  that  the  number  of  tons  of  ship 
ping  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade  is  2,039,749. 

This  is  the  amount  of  the  "  enrolled  and  licensed  tonnage." 
In  addition,  considerable  "  registered  tonnage "  frequently  en 
ters  the  coasting  trade  between  the  Atlantic  ports  and  those  on 
the  Gulf  and  the  Pacific. 

The  "licensed  tonnage"  engaged  in  the  lake  commerce  is 
215,975  tons.  The  tonnage  engaged  in  the  river  commerce  is 
169,450  tons.  The  foregoing  figures  are  for  the  years  1851 
and  1852. 

In  a  late  report  of  the  Committee  on  Commerce,  it  is  stated 
that,  "  The  lake  tonnage  for  1855  was  345,000  tons,  which, 
valued  at  $45  per  ton,  is  $14,838,000.  The  present  value  of 
lake  commerce  (exclusive  of  the  ports  of  Presque  Isle  and 
Mackinac,  not  reported)  is  $608,310,320." 


A   STATISTICAL   VIEW.  73 

Our  foreign  commerce  is  carried  on  by  the  registered  tonnage 
of  the  United  States,  and  by  the  tonnage  of  other  nations. 
The  foreign  tonnage  which  entered  the  ports  of  the  United 
States,  in  1851,  was  1,939,091  tons;  the  American  tonnage, 
3,054,349  tons.  De  Bow  says,  of  1851,  that  the  value  of 
merchandise  imported  in  "foreign  vessels  was  $52,563,083; 
in  American  vessels  $168,216,272."  By  this,  it  will  be  seen 
that  something  more  than  three-fourths  of  the  value  of  our 
foreign  commerce  is  carried  on  in  American  vessels.  The 
registered  tonnage  of  the  two  sections,  in  1850  was,  in  the 

Free  States,          .        .        •        .        .     1,330,963  tons. 

Slave  States,        «,        .       >.  .       250,880     « 

Total,       .       V       ,        *       >        ;'  1,581,843     « 

"We  may  now  approximate  the  truth  in  regard  to  the  com 
merce  of  the  two  sections  of  our  country  in  three  ways. 

First.  Taking  the  value  of  the  products  which  enter  into 
commerce,  we  find  the  North  has  $1,377,199,968;  the  South 
$410,754,992,  giving  the  North  more  than  three  to  one. 

Second.  Taking  the  number  of  persons  engaged  in  trade, 
and  the  North  has  136,856  persons,  the  South  52,622  persons, 
giving  the  North  nearly  three  to  one,  and  this  on  the  supposi 
tion  that  the  average  amount  of  business  done  by  merchants  in 
the  South  is  as  great  as  in  the  North. 

Third.  Taking  the  tonnage,  miles  of  railroads,  and  canals : 
the  North  had,  in  1850,  2,790,195  tons  of  registered,  enrolled 
and  licensed  tonnage,  the  South  726,285  tons.  (The  amount 
of  tonnage  in  1855  was,  in  the  North  4,252,615  tons,  in  the 
South  855,517  tons.)  The  North  had  in  1854,  13,105  miles 
of  railroad  in  operation,  the  South  4,212  miles.  The  North 
had  in  the  same  year  3,682  miles  of  canals,  the  South  1,1 1C 
miles.  This  gives  a  ratio  of  something  more  than  three  to  one 
in  favor  of  the  North.  It  may,  we  think,  be  fairly  assumed 
that  the  amount  of  commerce  and  its  profits  in  the  two  sections 
are  quite  four  times  as  much  in  the  North  as  in  the  South. 
7 


74  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

•% 

We  have  thus  shown,  from  such  data  as  could  be  obtained,  the 
relative  proportion  of  the  domestic  and  foreign  commerce  of  the 
Free  and  Slave  States.  Adopting  the  suggestion  of  De  Bow 
(as  to  the  value  of  the  "commercial  movement"),  the  domestic 
commerce  of  the  United  States,  in  1850,  was  six  times  that  of 
the  foreign.  The  figures  are  as  follows : 
Value  of  manufactures  and  half  of  agricultual 

products,      .-•.-.        .;        .         .     $1,787,954,960 
Value  of  imports,       v  ••«;'•• .        '.    "  ~  •  -  •',  .'V         178,078,499 

Total,  .  .  „>  .  :.  ..  ||  1,966,033,459 
Total  value  of  imports  and  exports,  .  '"-  .W  329,896,631 
Adopting  the  estimates  of  Andrews  (Report 

on  Lake   Commerce),  the   domestic  com 
merce  of  the  United  States,  in  1851-2,  was 

nearly  eight  times  the  foreign.    The  figures 

are  as  follows,  viz  : 

Value  of  lake  and  river  commerce,        ;•    ?    .        $326,988,101 
Value  of  coasting  trade,  railway  and  canal 

commerce,  .  .  ;.  '  .:  _  .  ..  2,794,269,686 
Value  of  imports,  1851,  .  '  .  ..  •  ;  216,224,932 

Total,  .  .  .  .:  -.;--.  ^.  3,337,482,719 
Total  value  of  imports  and  exports,  1851,  .'  434,612,943 

It  is,  perhaps,  not  far  from  right  to  call  the  domestic  com 
merce  of  this  country  seven  times  the  foreign. 

Tables  XXVII.  and  XXVIII.  give  the  value  of  the  exports 
and  imports  of  the  several  Free  and  Slave  States  for  1850  and 
1855  ;  and  the  amount  and  value  of  tonnage  owned  and  built  in 
the  same  years.  The  tables  are  compiled  from  the  annual 
report  on  commerce  and  navigation.  The  statistics  of  exports 
and  imports  show  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  several  States. 
The  aggregates  for  the  two  years  given  are  — 

Free  States,     .         .         .      !.         .     $631,396,034 
Slave  States,    .         .         .      :  .         .       234,936,306 


Total,  .    ;     .         .      .  .r       .     $866,332,340 

being  nearly  three  times  as  much  in  the  North  as  in  the  South. 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW. 

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A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  77 

The  tonnage  of  the  two  sections  in  1855  was  as  follows,  viz . 
Free  States,      .         .         .,..;.     4,252,615  tons. 
Slave  States,  ;*..     .         .     ••.-.- 7.  .-v'    855,517     " 


Total,   ....     :_,;;     .     5,108,132     " 

being  five  times  as  much  in  the  North  as  in  the  South. 

The  foreign  commerce  of  New  York  alone,  for  1855,  was  as 
follows,  viz : 

Exports,          .      ..">'•.,       ;-        .     $113,731,238 
Imports,  •     /  -  :;'.>;        •         •  "     164,776,511 


Total,  .        .        ?       .  ,?     .     $278,507,749 

The  foreign  commerce  of  the  Slave  States  for  1855  was  as 
follows,  viz : 

Exports,  .         .      -_s'.r     .     $107,480,688 

Imports,  .         .         .         .  •"'.     .         24,586,528 


Total,  .        .        .        t:~     .     $132,067,216 

This  statement  shows  that  the  foreign  commerce  of  New 
York,  in  1855,  was  more  than  twice  that  of  all  the  Slave 
States. 

The  tonnage  of  New  York  in  1855  was      1,404,221  tons. 
The  tonnage  of  the  Slave  States  for  the 

same  year,      -.      -..'     ".i       .         .        855,517     " 
Or  a  little  more  than  half  that  of  the 
State  of  New  York. 

The  foreign  commerce  of  Massachusetts  and  South  Carolina, 
for  1855,  was  as  follows,  viz : 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Exports,    .     .*.*        fc  .'     .   .  '..',,,    $28,190,925 
Imports,     .     _.         .         .,     .         .       45,113,774 


Total,    .         .         .     •'  .        .,'       .     $73,304,699 

7* 


78  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Exports,   .         .      ,  >  v;»         •         •     $12,700,250 

Imports,    .      ,>;       .      -  v   ; .:.-* ... .-.'.Y/,-     1,588,542 


Total,    .  ....         .     $14,288,792 

The  tonnage  of  Massachusetts,  in  1855, 

was ,•        >       970,727  tons. 

The  tonnage  of  South  Carolina  for  the 

same  year  was         :"  ,"         .         .         .         60,935     " 
The  tonnage  built  in  Massachusetts,  in  1855,  was  79,670 
tons,  valued  at  $3,983,500 ;  the  tonnage  built  in  South  Carol 
lina  in  the  same  year,  was  61  tons,  valued  at  $3,050. 

It  will  be  observed  by  Tables  XXVII.  and  XXVIII.  that  the 
large  States  of  Indiana,  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  and  Missouri 
have  no  foreign  commerce,  and  that  the  States  of  New  Hamp 
shire,  New  Jersey,  Mississippi,  and  Delaware  have  very  little. 
The  tonnage  built  in  1855  was  as  follows,  viz : 

Free  States,        .     '    .        ".  :      .         .     528,844  tons. 
Slave  States,      V''"  "'..,'•'  -A".      52,959      « 

Total,      .        .        .        .  .    581,803     " 

The  North,  therefore,  builds  of  tonnage  ten  times  as  much 
as  the  South.  In  1855,  the  tonnage  built  in  the  State  of 
Maine  was  more  than  four  times  that  built  in  the  South; 
Maine  having  built  215,905  tons,  the  Slave  States  52,959  tons. 
Of  the  tonnage  built  in  the  South,  more  than  four-fifths  of  it  is 
built  in  ports  where  there  is  a  large  or  predominating  free 
population,  born  out  of  the  limits  of  the  States  in  which  such 
ports  are  respectively  situated,  as  in  Baltimore,  St.  Louis, 
Louisville,  Wheeling,  etc.  Making  a  proper  deduction  for 
this,  and  the  amount  of  shipping  annually  built  by  the  Slave 
States  will  not  exceed  10,000  tons.  Even  this  small  amount  is 
not  the  work  of  slaveholders,  or  slaves,  or  of  the  poor  whites 
of  the  South,  but  of  northern  and  foreign-born  mechanics  and 
ship  carpenters.  In  case  of  a  dissolution  of  the  Union,  and 


A   STATISTICAL   VIEW.  79 

hostilities  between  the  North  and  South,  the  highest  naval 
science  would  need  to  be  called  into  requisition  by  the  South, 
BO  to  station  this  naval  armament  of  sloops,  schooners,  and 
steamboats  as  to  command  her  seven  thousand  miles  of  ex 
posed  sea  and  gulf-coast. 

We  close  what  we  have  to  say  on  commerce,  with  the  fol 
lowing  extract  from  a  letter  of  Mr.  London,  of  Richmond,  Va., 
to  the  Richmond  Enquirer,  and  published  in  that  paper  early 
in  1854,  just  before  the  sitting  of  a  Southern  commercial  con 
vention  at  Charleston,  S.  C.  He  had  been  alluding  to  the 
sittings  of  other  Southern  commercial  conventions  at  Memphis 
and  elsewhere : 

"  We  have,  since  that  time,  appropriated  millions  of  dollars 
to  works  of  internal  improvement ;  some  of  us  have  embarked 
more  largely  in  foreign  trade ;  but  there  are  not  half  a  dozen 
vessels  engaged  in  our  own  trade  that  are  owned  in  Virginia, 
and  I  have  been  unable  to  find  a  vessel  at  Liverpool  loading  for 
Virginia,  within  three  years,  during  the  height  of  our  busy  sea 
son.  Every  foot  of  railroad  and  every  yard  of  canal  con 
structed  in  the  Southern  States  is  only  so  much  added  to  the  area 
of  the  influence  of  New  York,  and  but  binds  you  that  much  more 
securely  to  her  bonds.  Instead  of  these  immense  improvements 
resulting  in  an  enlargement  of  your  foreign  commerce,  it  is  but  a 
contribution  to  your  coasting  trade,  and  results  in  establishing 
the  calculation  as  to  how  long  it  will  take  your  shopkeepers  to 
get  the  productions  and  importations  of  New  York  into  your 
villages  ;  all  else  but  this  is  not  considered.  As  to  any  one  of 
your  improvements  contributing  to  forward  your  own  importa 
tions,  that  is  not  thought  of  at  all  by  your  interior  shopkeepers  ; 
for,  throughout  the  South,  all  merchants  have  disappeared, 
entirely  and  completely." 


CHAPTER  VII. 

VALUE  OF  REAL  AND  PERSONAL  ESTATE. 

TABLES  XXIX.  and  XXX.  give  the  value  of  the  real  and 
personal  estate  of  the  several  States  in  1850,  according  to  the 
published  census  returns;  the  true  value  of  the  same  as 
estimated  by  the  superintendent  of  the  census ;  the  value  of 
the  slaves  in  the  Slave  States  at  $400  per  head ;  and  the  value 
of  the  real  and  personal  estate  in  1856,  as  given  by  the  Secre 
tary  of  the  Treasury  in  a  communication  to  Congress  at  its  late 
session.  The  estimate  of  $400  per  head  for  slaves  is,  perhaps, 
too  low.  With  a  single  apparent  exception,  the  value  of  slaves 
is  included  by  the  compiler  of  the  census  returns  in  the  value 
of  personal  estate.  The  exception  is  the  State  of  Louisiana, 
in  which  State  the  value  of  the  slaves  is  included  in  the  value 
of  real  estate.  With  reference  to  the  estimates  of  Mr.  Secre 
tary  Guthrie,  for  Texas,  it  is  hardly  probable  that  its  taxable 
property  has  gone  up,  in  five  years,  from  $55,362,340  to 
$240,000,000,  an  increase  of  about  $200,000,000 ;  while  Iowa, 
which  has  increased  in  population  since  1850  faster  than 
any  other  State,  is  allowed  an  increase  in  taxable  property 
of  only  $86,285,362,  and  Wisconsin  of  only  $45,443,405. 
The  valuation  of  Georgia  is  given  by  the  secretary,  not 
from  the  State  valuation,  but  from  an  estimate  of  the  gov 
ernor  of  that  State.  The  estimate  for  California  is  evidently 
too  low,  and  is  not  according  to  any  State  valuation.  In  the 
case  of  Indiana,  whose  auditor,  as  quoted  by  Mr.  Guthrie,  says 
that  a  valuation  at  that  time  (November  24,  1855)  would 
make  the  total  taxables  $380,000,000,  the  secretary,  in  1856, 
gives  the  sum  of  $301,858,474,  instead  of  the  auditor's  estimate, 

(80) 


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A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  83 

and   this   after   having   added   to   the   valuation   of    Georgia 
$165,000,000,  on  the  bare  conjecture  of  her  governor. 

The  following  recent  State  valuations  will  further  illustrate 
the  estimates  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury : 
Valuation  of  New  Hampshire,  1856,     ^      .       $121,417,428 

«         "    New  York,  1855,  as  follows,  viz: 
New  York  city  and  county  real  estate,         '.        337,038,526 
"  "       personal  estate,    .         150,022,312 

«  «  "        aggregate,   .         .         487,060,838 

Remainder  of  State  real  estate,      .      r . .        ..         770,234,189 
"  "  personal  estate,       §'     V        143,990,252 

Total  valuation  of  the  State  of  New  York,     .      1,401,285,279 
Valuation  of  New  York  city,  1856,        .         .         517,889,201 
"         "   Connecticut,        1854,       ..i:   ;«         202,739,431 
"Michigan,  1853,       V       .         120,362,474 

«         "Indiana,  1854,        i         .         290,408,148 

"         "  Maryland,  including  slaves,  1851,         191,888,088 
"         «  South  Carolina,  "         "      1854,  82,613,530 

"        "  Tennessee,  "        "      1855,         219,011,048 

"        "  Kentucky,  "         "      1854,         405,830,168 

It  will  be  seen  by  tables  XXX.  and  XXXI.  that  the  value 
of  real  and  personal  estate  in  1850  was  as  follows,  viz : 
Free  States,          .     v  ,     \  V       .     $4,107,162,198 
Slave  States,       -  .""      .    -3  .        ..'     2,936,090,737 
Deduct  value  of  slaves,          i-;'     .  ~    1,280,145,600 
True  value  in  Slave  States,    .         .       1,655,945,137 
The  total  value  of  real  and  personal  estate  in  1856  is  as  fol 
lows,  viz : 

Free  States,       •  v:      -.-—.—     .     $5,770,194,680 

Slave  States,          ..     -  /      i        .      3,977,353,946 

Deduct  value  of  slaves  in  1856,      .       1,472,167,600 

True  value  in  Slave  States  in  1856,       2,505,186,346 

The  whole  area  of  the  Free  States  (Table  IX.)  is  392,062,080 

acres  ;  the  valuation  of  real  and  personal  property  in  1850, 

$4,107,162,198,  or  $10.47  per  acre.     The  whole  area  (Table 


84  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

X.)  of  the  Slave  States  is  five  hundred  and  forty-four  million, 
nine  hundred  and  twenty-six  thousand,  seven  hundred  and 
twenty  (544,926,720)  acres;  the  valuation  of  real  and  personal 
estate  in  1850,  one  billion,  six  hundred  and  fifty-five  million, 
nine  hundred  and  forty-five  thousand,  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
seven  ($1,655,945,137),  or  three  dollars  and  four  cents  ($3.04) 
per  acre.  The  valuation  of  the  Free  States  in  1856  was  five 
billion,  seven  hundred  and  seventy  million,  one  hundred  and 
ninety-four  thousand,  six  hundred  and  eighty  ($5,770,194,680), 
or  fourteen  dollars  and  seventy-two  cents  ($14.72)  per  acre ; 
the  valuation  of  the  Slave  States  in  1856  was  two  billion,  five 
hundred  and  five  million,  one  hundred  and  eighty-six  thousand, 
three  hundred  and  forty-six  ($2,505,186,346),  or  four  dollars 
and  fifty-nine  cents  ($4.59)  per  acre.  Thus,  in  five  years  the 
value  of  property  in  the  Free  States  advanced  from  ten  dollars 
and  forty-seven  cents  ($10.47)  per  acre  to  fourteen  dollars 
and  seventy-two  cents  ($14.72),  or  four  dollars  and  twenty- 
five  cents  ($4.25),  being  more  than  the  whole  valuation  of  the 
Slave  States  in  1850.  The  value  of  property  in  the  South 
advanced  in  the  same  time  from  three  dollars  and  four  cents 
($3.04)  to  four  dollars  and  fifty-nine  cents  ($4.59)  per  acre. 

The  value  of  the  slaves  in  the  Slave  States,  in  1850,  at  four 
hundred  dollars  ($400)  each,  was  one  billion  two  hundred  and 
eighty  million,  one  hundred  and  forty-five  thousand,  six  hun 
dred  dollars  ($1,280,145,600).  The  value  of  the  farms  in  the 
Slave  States  in  the  same  year  (Table  X.)  was  one  billion,  one 
hundred  and  seventeen  million,  six  hundred  and  forty-nine 
thousand,  six  hundred  and  forty-nine  dollars  ($1,117,649,649). 
Excess  of  value  of  slaves,  one  hundred  and  sixty-two  million, 
four  hundred  and  ninety-five  thousand,  nine  hundred  and  fifty- 
one  dollars  ($162,495,951).  Thus,  the  value  of  the  slaves  in 
1850  was  one  hundred  and  sixty-two  million,  four  hundred  and 
ninetyfive  thousand,  nine  hundred  and  fifty -one  dollars  ($162,- 
495,951)  more  than  the  value  of  all  the  improved  and  unim 
proved  lands  in  the  South.  The  number  of  slaveholders  in 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  85 

the  Slave  States  is  three  hundred  and  forty-six  thousand  and 
forty-eight  (346,048).  If  we  estimate  their  value  at  four 
hundred  dollars  ($400)  per  head,  and  add  it  to  the  value  of 
the  farms,  it  will  make  the  value  of  the  slaveholders  and  farms 
nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  slaves.  The  figures  are  :  Value  of 
farms,  one  billion,  one  hundred  and  seventeen  million,  six 
hundred  and  forty-nine  thousand,  six  hundred  and  forty-nine 
($1,117,649,649)  ;  value  of  three  hundred  and  forty-six  thouand 
and  forty-eight  (346,048)  slaveholders,  at  four  hundred  dollars 
($400)  each,  one  hundred  and  thirty -eight  million,  one  hundred 
and  ninety-two  thousand,  two  hundred  dollars  ($138,192,200), 
being  a  total  of  one  billion,  two  hundred  and  fifty-six  million, 
sixty-eight  thousand,  eight  hundred  and  forty-nine  dollars  ($1,- 
256,068,849)  ;  value  of  slaves  as  above,  one  billion,  two  hun 
dred  and  eighty  million,  one  hundred  and  forty -five  thousand, 
six  hundred  dollars  ($1,280,145,600).  Thus  has  the  industry 
and  political  and  domestic  economy  of  the  slaveholders,  in  two 
hundred  and  thirty  years,  been  able  to  bring  the  value  of  their 
lands  and  themselves  nearly  up  to  the  market  value  of  their 
slaves ;  and  all  three  together,  lands,  slaves,  and  slaveholders, 
to  nearly  half  the  value  of  the  property  of  the  Free  States. 

The  valuation  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  1855  was 
one  billion,  four  hundred  and  one  million,  two  hundred  and 
eighty-five  thousand,  two  hundred  and  seventy-nine  dollars  ($1,- 
401,285,279),  being  more  than  the  whole  value  of  the  real  estate 
of  the  Slave  States  in*  1850,  which,  after  deducting  from  the 
aggregate  the  value  of  the  slaves  in  Louisiana,  was  one  billion, 
three  hundred  and  thirty-two  million,  six  hundred  and  sixty- 
five  thousand,  four  hundred  and  sixteen  dollars  ($1,332,665,- 
416).  The  value  of  the  real  and  personal  estate  of  Massachu 
setts  in  1850  was  more  (slaves  excepted)  than  that  of  the 
States  of  Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida, 
and  Texas ;  the  valuation  of  Massachusetts  being  five  hundred 
and  seventy-three  million,  three  hundred  and  forty-two  thou 
sand,  two  hundred  and  eighty-six  dollars  ($573,342,286)  ;  that 

8 


86  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

of  the  six  States  mentioned  being  five  hundred  and  seventy- 
three  million,  three  hundred  and  thirty-two  thousand,  eight 
hundred  and  sixty  dollars  ($573,332,860.)  In  this  calculation, 
South  Carolina  is  reckoned  at  its  State  valuation  of  1854. 
The  whole  area  of  Massachusetts  is  (Table  IX.)  four  million, 
nine  hundred  and  ninety-two  thousand  (4,992,000)  acres ; 
value  of  its  whole  property  per  acre,  one  hundred  and  fourteen 
dollars  and  eighty-five  cents  ($114.85.)  The  whole  area  of 
the  six  States  above  mentioned  is  (Table  X.)  three  hundred 
and  seventeen  million,  five  hundred  and  seventy-six  thousand, 
three  hundred  and  twenty  (317,576,320)  acres ;  value  of  their 
whole  property,  except  slaves,  five  hundred  and  seventy-three 
million,  three  hundred  and  thirty-two  thousand,  eight  hundred 
and  sixty  dollars  ($573,332,860),  or  one  dollar  and  eighty-one 
cents  ($1.81)  per  acre.  Thus,  Massachusetts  is  able  to  buy 
and  pay  for  considerably  more  than  half  the  great  empire  of 
slavery,  and  have  more  money  left  than  the  Pilgrims  landed 
with  at  Plymouth ;  while  Pennsylvania  could  easily  buy  out 
the  other  half. 

Table  XXXI.  shows  the  number  of  miles  of  canals  and 
railroads  in  operation  in  1854,  (with  the  cost  of  construction 
of  such  railroads),  the  number  of  miles  of  railroads  in  opera 
tion  in  January,  1855,  and  the  amount  of  bank  capital  near 
January,  1855,  in  the  several  Free  and  Slave  States.  The 
first  three  columns  of  the  tables  are  from  the  Census  Compen 
dium,  the  last  two  from  the  American  Almanac  for  1856. 

Table  XXXII.  gives  the  total  debt,  amount  of  productive 
property,  and  the  annual  expenditure  of  the  several  Free  and 
Slave  States.  The  figures  are  from  the  American  Almanac  for 
1856. 


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CHAPTER    VIII. 

EDUCATION. 1.    COLLEGES. 

THE  first  college  established  in  the  Free  States  was  Har 
vard  University,  founded  in  1636;  which  was  sixteen  years 
after  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth.  The  first  col 
lege  in  the  Slave  States  was  that  of  "William  and  Mary,  in  Vir 
ginia,  founded  in  1692,  or  eighty-four  years  after  the  settlement 
of  Jamestown.  The  number  of  students  in  the  former  is  now 
365  ;  in  the  latter,  82.  The  number  of  alumni  of  the  former, 
6,700 ;  of  the  latter,  3,000.  The  number  of  volumes  in  the 
library  of  the  former  is  101,250 ;  of  the  latter  5,000. 

It  will  be  seen  by  Tables  XXXIII  and  XXXIV,  taken  from 
the  American  Almanac  for  1856,  and  showing  the  present  con 
dition  of  the  colleges  in  the  two  great  sections,  that  the  number 
of  colleges  is  nearly  the  same  in  each.  The  comparative  char 
acter  and  efficiency  of  these  institutions,  may  be  in  some  mea 
sure  learned  from  the  following  facts.  The  number  of  vol 
umes  in  the  libraries  of  the  Southern  colleges  is  308,011 ;  in 
those  of  the  northern,  667,297  ;  over  two  to  one.  The  num 
ber  graduated  at  the  South  is  19,648 ;  at  the  North  47,752 ; 
about  two  and  one-half  to  one.  The  number  of  Ministers  edu 
cated  in  the  Southern  colleges  is  747,  and  in  the  Northern, 
10,702 ;  a  ratio  of  fourteen  to  one. 

It  would  indeed  be  interesting,  were  it  possible,  to  compare 
these  institutions  in  respect  to  value  of  buildings,  apparatus, 
cabinets,  &c. ;  but  the  statistics  of  these  cannot  be  readily  ob 
tained.  Still  more  difficult  would  it  be  to  compare  statistically 
the  ability  of  professors  and  the  standard  of  scholarship. 

r  > 


90 


THE   NORTH    AND    THE    SOUTH. 


TABLE    XXXIII. 

Colleges  in  the  Slave  States. 


SLAVE  STATES. 

No.  of 
Col 
leges. 

No.  of 
In 
structors. 

No.  of 
Alumni. 

No.  of 
Min 
isters. 

Students. 

Volumes 
in 
Libraries. 

Delaware 

2 

18 

83 

42 

137 

11,500 

Maryland  

5 

69 

607 

13 

399 

33,292 

Virginia  

10 

72 

9,528 

146 

1,174 

65,875 

North  Carolina  .  .  . 
South  Carolina  .  .  . 
Georgia 

3 
2 
5 

24 
14 
34 

1,406 
3,124 
1  359 

123 
3 
133 

469 
190 
643 

23,700 
23,800 
25  700 

Alabama  

4 

40 

676 

28 

333 

23,200 

Mississippi  ... 

4 

16 

252 

16 

315 

10,700 

Louisiana  
Tennessee 

4 

8 

26 
39 

94 
838 

10 

74 

157 

570 

9,000 
29  744 

Kentucky  

7 

54 

1,342 

130 

700 

27,900 

Missouri  

5 

44 

339 

29 

568 

23  600 

Total  

59 

450 

19  648 

747 

5  655 

308  Oil 

TABLE   XXXIV. 

Colleges  in  the  Free  States. 


FREE  STATES. 

No.  of 
Col 
leges. 

No.  of 
In 
structors. 

No.  of 
Alumni. 

No.  of 
Ministers. 

Students. 

Volumes 
in 
Libraries. 

Maine  

2 

15 

1,418 

303 

274 

43  150 

New  Hampshire  .  . 
Vermont  

1 
3 

12 
16 

4,187 
1  536 

883 
527 

258 
2^8 

31,900 
21  650 

Massachusetts  .  .  . 
Khode  Island  .... 
Connecticut  
New  York  

4 
1 
3 

8 

47 
10 
43 

84 

9,404 
1,860 
7,407 
6,888 

2,612 
500 
1,956 
1,461 

807 
225 
669 
1,080 

122,750 
34,000 
91,000 
80  516 

New  Jersey  

3 

54 

3,855 

837 

449 

28  000 

Pennsylvania  .... 
Ohio  

9 
12 

66 

88 

8,298 
1  958 

741 

644 

959 
1  191 

71,180 

00   ]Q] 

Indiana  

4 

27 

546 

158 

300 

19  600 

Illinois  

4 

30 

257 

79 

245 

15  860 

Michigan  

2 

14 

130 

180 

13  000 

Wisconsin  .... 

5 

11 

8 

1 

30 

2  500 

Total  

61 

517 

47,752 

10,702 

6,895 

667  297 

A    STATISTICAL    VIEW. 


91 


II. PROFESSIONAL     SCHOOLS. 

The  condition  of  the  Professional  Schools  is  shown  by  the 
following  Table,  taken  from  the  same  authority  as  the  above. 
From  this  it  appears  that  at  the  South  a  larger  proportion  of 
professional  students  are  in  the  Law  Schools  than  at  the  North. 
Next  in  order  in  this  respect  is  Medicine,  and  last,  Theology. 
Indeed,  the  Census  Tables  do  not  show  where  the  great  body 
of  the  Southern  clergy  are  educated,  since  but  747  are  re 
turned  from  the  colleges,  and  only  808  from  the  Theological 
Schools. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  number  of  Professional  Schools 
in  the  Slave  States  is  32,  and  in  the  Free  States  65,  or  two 
to  one.  The  ratio  of  Professors  is  a  little  larger.  The  num 
ber  of  Students  in  the  former  is  1,807,  and  in  the  latter  4,426. 
The  number  of  volumes  in  the  libraries  of  the  former  is 
30,796,  and  in  those  of  the  latter,  175,951 ;  more  than  five  to 
one.  The  number  graduated  at  the  former,  3,812,  and  at  the 
latter,  23,513  ;  over  six  to  one. 


TABLE    XXXV. 

Showing  the  Condition  of  the  Professional  Schools  in  the  North  and  the  South, 
from  the  American  Almanac  for  1856. 


SLAVE     STATES 


Professional  Schools. 

Number 
of 
Schools. 

Number 
of  Pro 
fessors. 

Number 
of  Students, 
1854-5. 

Number 
Educated. 

Number 
of  Vols.  in 
Libraries. 

Law  

9 

19 

231 

Medicine  .    . 

13 

75 

1  307 

3  004 

Theology  

10 

28 

269 

808 



30  796 

Total  

32 

122 

1  807 

3  812 

30  796 

92 


THE    NORTH   AND    THE    SOUTH. 


FREE     STATES. 


Professional  Schools. 

Number 
of 
Schools. 

Number 
of  Pro 
fessors. 

Number 
of  Students, 
1854-5. 

Number 
Educated. 

Number 
of  Vols.  in 
Libraries. 

Law 

9 

19 

240 

IMedicinc 

22 

152 

3  095 

15  950 

Theology 

34 

98 

1  091 

7  563 

175  951 

Total  

65 

269 

4,426 

23,513 

175,951 

III. ACADEMIES,  PRIVATE   AND    PUBLIC    SCHOOLS. 

In  all  the  New  England  colonies,  a  law  was  passed  in  1 647, 
"  That  every  township,  after  the  Lord  hath  increased  them  to  the 
number  of  fifty  householders,  shall  appoint  one  to  teach  all 
children  to  write  and  read ;  and  when  any  town  shall  increase 
to  the  number  of  one  hundred  families,  they  shall  set  up  a 
grammar  school ;  the  masters  thereof  being  able  to  instruct 
youth  so  far  as  they  may  be  fitted  for  the  university."  See 
Colonial  Laws. 

Again,  in  Connecticut  we  find  the  following :  "  Forasmuch 
as  the  good  Education  of  Children  is  of  singular  behoofe  and 
benefit  to  any  Commonwealth,  and  whereas,  many  parents  and 
masters  are  too  indulgent  and  negligent  of  theire  duty  in  that 
kinde  :  — 

"  It  is  therefore  ordered  by  this  Courte  and  Authority  thereof 
that  the  Selectmen  of  every  Town,  in  the  Several  precincts 
and  quarters  where  they  dwell,  shall  have  a  vigilant  eye  over 
theire  brethren  and  neighbours  to  see  first  that  none  of  them 
shall  suffer  so  much  Barbarism  in  any  of  theire  families  as  not 
to  endeavour  to  teach  by  themselves  or  others  theire  Children 
and  apprentices  so  much  Learning  as  may  enable  them  per 
fectly  to  read  the  Inglish  tounge,  and  knowledge  of  the  Capi- 
tall  Laws,  upon  penalty  of  twenty  shillings  for  each  neglect 
therein."  See  "  Code  of  Laws  established  by  the  General 


A   STATISTICAL    VIEW. 


93 


Court  of  Conn.,  May,  1650,"  as  recorded  in  Vol.  II.  of  the 
Colonial  Records  of  Conn. 

In  the  year  1671,  or  twenty-four  years  after  the  establish 
ment  of  public  schools  by  law  in  the  Plymouth  Colonies,  and 
over  thirty  years  after  Harvard  college  .was  founded,  and  a 
printing  press  set  up  in  Cambridge,  Gov.  Berkley,  at  that  time 
Governor  of  Virginia,  said  of  that  State  :  "  I  thank  God  there 
are  no  free  schools  nor  printing,  and  I  hope  we  shall  not  have 
these  hundred  years,  for  learning  has  brought  disobedience  and 
heresy  and  sects  into  the  world,  and  printing  has  divulged 
them,  and  libels  against  the  best  government ;  God  keep  us 
from  both." 

The  following  Tables  Nos.  XXXVL,  XXXVII.,  XXXVHL, 
and  XXXIX.,  show  the  condition  of  the  Academies,  Private  and 
Public  Schools  in  1850,  as  given  in  the  Census  Compendium : 

TABLE   XXXVI. 

Academies  and  Private  Schools  in  the  Slave  States. 


SLAVE  STATES. 

Number. 

Teachers. 

Pupils. 

Annual 
Income. 

Scholars  in 
Colleges, 
Academies 
and  Public 
Schools. 

Alabama  

166 
90 
65 
34 
219 
330 
143 
223 
171 
204 
272 
202 
264 
97 
317 

380 
126 
94 
49 
318 
600 
354 
503 
297 
368 
403 
333 
404 
137 
547 

8,290 
2,407 
2,011 
1,251 
9,059 
12,712 
5,328 
10,787 
6,628 
8,829 
7,822 
7,467 
9,928 
3,389 
9,068 

$164,165 
27,937 
47,832 
13,089 
108,983 
252,617 
193,077 
232,341 
73,717 
143,171 
187,648 
205,489 
155,902 
39,384 
234,372 

37,237 
11,050 
11,125 
3,129 
43,299 
85,914 
31,003 
45,025 
26,236 
61,592 
112,430 
26,035 
115,750 
11,500 
77,774 

Arkansas         

Delaware        .     .  . 

Florida 

Georgia  

Kentucky  .        ... 

Louisiana 

Maryland  

Mississippi  

Missouri            .  .    . 

North  Carolina  
South  Carolina  
Tennessee  

Texas    .        ... 

"Virginia 

Total  

2,797 

4,913 

104,976 

$2,079,724 

699,079 

94 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


TABLE   XXXVII. 

Academies  and  Private  Schools  in  the  free  States. 


FREE  STATES. 

Number. 

• 

Teachers. 

Pupils. 

Annual 
Increase. 

Scholars  in 
Colleges, 
Academies 
and  Public 
Schools. 

California  . 

6 

5 

170 

$14  270 

219 

Connecticut  
Illinois  

202 

83 

329 

1GO 

6,996 
4  244 

145,967 

40  488 

79,003 
130  411 

Indiana  

131 

233 

6  185 

63  520 

168  754 

Iowa  . 

33 

40 

1  111 

7  980 

30  767 

Maine  

131 

232 

6  648 

51,187 

199  745 

Massachusetts  .... 

403 

521 

13  436 

310  177 

190  924 

Michigan  
New  Hampshire  
New  Jersey  

37 
107 
225 

71 
183 
453 

1,619 
5,321 
9  844 

24,947 
43,202 
227  588 

112,382 
81,237 
88  244 

New  York  
Ohio 

887 
206 

3,136 

474 

49,328 
15  052 

810,332 
149  392 

727,222 

502  826 

Pennsylvania  

524 

914 

23  751 

467  843 

440  977 

Rhode  Island.  . 

46 

75 

1  601 

32  748 

25  014 

Vermont 

118 

257 

6  864 

48  935 

100  785 

Wisconsin  

58 

86 

2  723 

18  796 

61  615 

Total... 

3.197 

7.175 

154.893 

$2.457.372 

2.940.125 

TABLE   XXXVIII. 

Public  Schools  of  the  Slave  States. 


SLAVE  STATES. 

Number. 

Teachers. 

Pupils. 

Annual  In 
come  of  Pub 
lic  Schools. 

Alabama  

1  152 

1  195 

28  380 

$315  602 

Arkansas  

353 

355 

8,493 

43,763 

Delaware  

194 

214 

8,970 

43  861 

Florida  

69 

73 

1  878 

22  386 

Georgia 

1  251 

1  265 

32  705 

182  231 

Kentucky  

2,234 

2306 

71,429 

211  852 

Louisiana  

664 

822 

25  046 

349  679 

Maryland  

898 

986 

33,111 

218,836 

Mississippi  

782 

826 

18,746 

254  159 

Missouri  

1  570 

1  620 

51  754 

160  770 

North  Carolina  

2,657 

2,730 

104,095 

158,564 

South  Carolina  

724 

739 

17,838 

200  600 

Tennessee  

2  680 

2  819 

104  117 

198  518 

Texas  

349 

360 

7,946 

44,088 

Virginia  

2,930 

2,997 

67,353 

314,625 

Total.. 

1«  ^07 

1  Q  3ft7 

i=l«l    Rfil 

<tt9  71Q  IV^A 

A.    STATISTICAL    VIEW 


95 


TABLE    XXXIX. 

Public  Schools  of  the  Free  States. 


FREE  STATES. 

Number. 

Teachers. 

Pupils. 

Annual  In 
come  of  Pub 
lic  Schools. 

California  

2 

2 

49 

$3,600 

Connecticut  

1  656 

1,787 

71,269 

231,220 

Illinois  

4  052 

4,248 

125,725 

349,712 

Indiana  

4  822 

4  860 

161,500 

316,955 

Iowa  

740 

828 

29  556 

51  492 

Maine  

4042 

5,540 

192,815 

315,436 

Massachusetts  

3  679 

4  443 

176,475 

1,006,795 

Michigan  

2  714 

3  231 

110,455 

167,806 

New  Hampshire  

2  381 

3  013 

75  643 

166,944 

New  Jersey  

1  473 

1  574 

77  930 

216  672 

New  York  

11  580 

13  965 

675,221 

1,472,657 

Ohio  

11  661 

12  886 

484,153 

743,074 

Pennsylvania  

9  061 

10  024 

413  706 

1,348,249 

Rhode  Island  

416 

518 

23  130 

100481 

Vermont  .  .  . 

2  731 

4  173 

93  457 

176  111 

Wisconsin  

1,423 

1^529 

58,817 

113J133 

Total  

It  will  be  seen  that  in  the  South  a  larger  proportion  of  the 
children  who  attend  School,  attend  at  private  Schools,  than  at 
the  North.  Still  the  number  of  scholars  in  these  Schools  is 
but  a  slight  fraction  over  two-thirds  as  great  at  the  South  as  at 
the  North,  and  the  amount  of  money  paid  for  the  support  of 
these  Schools  nearly  $400,000  less  in  the  slave  than  in  the 
free.  States. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  we  are  unable  to  compare  these 
Schools  in  other  respects,  but  figures  can  carry  us  no  further  at 
this  time.  Perhaps  by  comparing  the  different  sections  of  this 
chapter  we  may  be  able  to  form  a  just  opinion. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  Public  School  statistics  would 
not  be  materially  affected  for  purposes  of  comparison,  were 
those  of  the  private  Schools  added  to  them. 

The  number  of  public  Schools  at  the  South  is  18,507 ;  at 
the  North,  62,433  ;  a  ratio  of  about  three  and  one-half  to  one. 
Teachers  at  the  South,  19,307 ;  at  the  North,  72,621 ;  almost 


96  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

four  to  one.  The  number  of  Scholars  at  the  South  is  581,861, 
and  at  the  North,  2,769,901 ;  nearly  five  to  one,  and  over 
2,000,000  more  at  the  North  than  at  the  South.  Indeed,  if 
we  compare  the  entire  number  attending  all  Schools  (Colleges 
Academies,  private  and  public  Schools,)  we  find  in  the  North 
a  majority  over  the  South  of  2,241,046,  which  is  now  more 
than  three  times  the  entire  number  attending  School  in  the 
Southern  States.  In  other  words,  more  than  four-fifths  of  the 
children  attending  School  in  the  Union  are  in  the  free  States. 
The  amount  of  money  expended  annually  for  these  Schools  is, 
in  the  Slave  States,  $4,799,258;  and  in  the  free  States, 
$9,237,709. 

The  State  of  Ohio  is  not  quite  two-thirds  as  large  as  Vir 
ginia.  Virginia  has  77,764  scholars  at  School  and  Ohio  has 
502,826. 

The  area  of  Kentucky  is  very  nearly  equal  to  that  of  Ohio, 
the  population  almost  exactly  one-half  as  great,  and  the  number 
of  scholars  at  School  a  little  more  than  one-sixth. 

Massachusetts  is  one-fourth  as  large  as  South  Carolina,  and 
contains  nearly  four  times  as  many  white  inhabitants.  The 
number  of  scholars  attending  School  in  South  Carolina,  is 
26,025  ;  in  Massachusetts,  190,924. 

The  amount  expended  for  Schools,  both  public  and  private, 
in  South  Carolina,  is  $406,089  ;  in  Massachusetts,  it  is  $1,316,- 
972 ;  a  difference  of  almost  a  million  of  dollars. 

The  whole  number  of  scholars  at  School  in  the  fifteen  slave- 
holding  States,  is  699,079 ;  in  the  single  State  of  New  York,  it 
is  727,222. 

Such  are  the  figures  of  the  Census  for  1850. 

Great  effort  has  been  made  to  obtain  such  statistics  as  to 
show  the  condition  of  all  grades  of  Schools  at  the  present  time, 
much  more  fully  than  it  can  be  learned  from  the  census  for  the 
tune  when  that  was  taken.  Not  enough,  however,  could  be  ob 
tained  for  purposes  of  just  comparison,  the  annual  reports 
from  the  Slave  States  being  so  exceedingly  meagre.  So  far, 


A   STATISTICAL   VIEW.  97 

however,  as  such  reports  could  be  obtained,  they  show  that  the 
difference  between  the  free  and  slave  State?,  in  regard  to  ed 
ucation,  is  constantly  increasing. 

This  arises  from  the  want  of  any  regular  system  for  educa 
tion  of  the  poorer  classes,  who  are  increasing  so  rapidly  in  the 
Southern  States.  Proofs  of  this  might  be  given,  were  it  not  a 
well  known  fact. 

On  page  146  of  the  Census  Compendium,  it  is  said  of 
"  Georgia  —  no  public  Schools  strictly,  but  Schools  receive  a 
certain  amount  of  aid  from  State  funds.  This  is  true  for  many 
Southern  States." 

The  State  of  South  Carolina  appropriates  annually  the  sum 
of  $75,000  to  free  Schools.  Gov.  Manning,  in  his  message 
of  Nov.  28,  1853,  says  that  "under  the  present  mode  of  apply 
ing  it,  that  liberality  is  really  the  profusion  of  the  prodigal, 
rather  than  the  judicious  generosity  which  confers  real  ben 
efit." 

In  the  State  of  Arkansas,  only  forty  Schools  were  reported 
to  the  Commissioner  for  1854.  It  is  of  course  utterly  impossi 
ble  to  obtain  any  reliable  information  with  regard  to  the  Schools 
there,  though  we  may  form  a  very  just  opinion  concerning 
their  character  in  such,  a  community.  The  Commissioner  says, 
"  The  great  obstacle  to  the  organization  of  common  Schools  is 
not  so  much  a  deficiency  in  the  means  to  sustain  them,  as  it  is 
the  indifference  that  pervades  the  public  mind  on  the  subject 
of  education." 

The  amount  expended  by  the  State  of  Virginia,  in  1854,  for 
the  education  of  poor  children,  was  $69,404.  For  the  mainte 
nance  of  the  public  guard,  $73,189. 

New  England,  whose  area  is  less  than  one-twelfth  greater, 
appropriated  $2,000,000  for  Public  Schools,  and  felt  secure 
without  a  public  guard. 

The  State  of  South  Carolina  has  established  one  Free  State 
Scholarship ;  the  State  of  Massachusetts  has  established  forty- 
eight. 


98 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


In  Kentucky,  the  average  number  of  scholars  at  school  in 
1854,  was  76,429.  In  Ohio  it  was  279,635.  The  total  amount 
of  money  distributed  (for  public  schools)  during  the  year 
1854,  in  Kentucky,  was  $146,047.  The  amount  appropriated 
by  the  State  of  Ohio  for  the  same  purpose,  was  $2,266,609  ;  a 
difference  of  over  $2,000,000. 

There  are  very  many  items  of  expenditure  for  educational 
purposes  at  the  North,  for  which  the  corresponding  sums  at  the 
South  cannot  be  ascertained.  Among  these  are  Teachers'  In 
stitutes,  holden  annually  in  every  county  in  many  of  the 
Northern  States  ;  Teachers'  Associations,  Normal  Schools, 
School-houses,  &c.  The  value  of  school  buildings  in  the  State 
of  Ohio  in  1854,  was  $2,197,384,  and  in  Massachusetts  it  was, 
in  1848,  $2,750,000  ;  even  in  the  little  State  of  Rhode  Island 
it  is  $319,293.  The  amount  raised  by  taxation  for  educational 
purposes  is  now,  in  each  of  the  three  states,  New  York,  Penn 
sylvania,  and  Massachusetts,  over  one  million  dollars  annually. 

The  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools  to  the 
Mayor  and  City  Council  of  Baltimore,  for  the  year  1851,  gives 
the  following  facts : 

The  value  of  school  buildings  in  the  city  of  Baltimore,  is 
$105,729  ;  New  York,  $552,457  ;  Philadelphia,  $858,224 ; 
and  in  Boston  $729,502.* 

The  following  table  is  copied  from  the  same  report : 

TABLE    XL. 

Showing  the  Condition  of  Public  Schools  in  certain  Cities. 


CITIES  . 

Population. 

Schools 

Teach 
ers. 

Pupils. 

Cost  of 
Tuition. 

Boston 

138  788 

203 

353 

21  678 

$°37  000 

New  York  

517,000 

207 

332 

40,055 

274  794 

Philadelphia  .  . 

409  000 

270 

781 

48056 

341  888 

Baltimore 

169  012 

,36 

138 

8  Oil 

32  493 

Cincinnati 

116  000 

17 

124 

6  006 

81  623 

St.  Louis  

81,000 

73 

168 

6,642 

*  Besides  tin's  there  were  paid  for  new  buildings  in  Boston,  $56,000 ;  in 
Philadelphia,  $24,473  ;  and  in  Cincinnati,  $10,000. 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  99 

The  population  of  Baltimore  is  30,000  greater  than  that  of 
Boston.  Baltimore  has  8,000  scholars  at  school,  for  whose 
instruction  she  pays  $30,000.  Boston  has  20,000,  and  pays 
for  instruction,  $230,000. 

It  would  indeed  be  interesting,  were  it  a  matter  capable  of 
statistical  comparisons,  to  trace  the  results  of  the  superior  edu 
cational  advantages  enjoyed  by  the  children  of  the  North ;  to 
compare  the  philosophers,  orators,  and  statesmen,  men  of  skill, 
science,  or  literature,  authors,  poets,  and  sculptors,  of  the  two 
sections.  To  see  how  many  of  those  who  are  most  disting 
uished  at  the  South  were  born,  bred,  and  educated  at  the 
North. 

DeBow,  in  a  labored  article  in  the  Census  Compendium,  in 
behalf  of  the  southern  schools,  says :  "  An  examination  of 
Massachusetts  shows,  out  of  2,357  '  students,'  mentioned,  711, 
or  one-third  nearly,  born  out  of  the  State,  and  152,  or  one-fif 
teenth,  born  in  the  South.  On  the  other  hand  a  southern 
town,  taken  at  random,  furnished  one  out  of  three  editors,  four 
out  of  twelve  teachers,  two  out  of  seven  clergymen,  born  in  the 
non-slaveholding  States." 

The  presumption  is  that  not  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  stu 
dents  in  Southern  institutions  are  sent  there  from  the  North  to 
be  educated,  and  that,  on  the  other  hand,  not  so  large  a  propor 
tion  of  the  editors,  teachers  and  clergymen  of  the  North  are  of 
Southern  birth  and  education. 

IV. LIBRARIES. 

The  following  tables,  Nos.  XLI.  and  XLII.,  are  of  great 
importance  in  connection  with  the  subject  of  education,  as  show 
ing  the  literary  tastes,  habits  of  thought,  and  sources  of  enjoy 
ment,  of  the  people.  These  tables  also  show  the  character  of 
the  various  institutions  in  the  two  sections,  more  correctly  than 
it  could  be  ascertained  from  almost  any  other  source,  embracing 
as  they  do  the  Public  School,  Sunday  School,  College  and 
Church  libraries : 


100 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW. 


Volumes. 


Number. 


Volumes. 


Number. 


Volumes. 


Number. 


Volumes. 


Number. 


Volumes. 


Number. 


Volumes. 


Number. 


P   1 

3  53 


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THE    NORTH    AND    THE    SOUTH. 


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Volumes.  , 


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Volumes. 


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Volumes. 


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a1il1iJd 


gaillilillliliisg  I  8 


102  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

From  these  it  will  be  seen  that  the  total  number  of  volumes 
in  the  libraries  of  the  South,  is  649,577  ;  in  those  of  the 
North,  3,888,234 ;  a  difference  more  than  3,000,000  in  favor 
of  the  free  States.  Six  volumes  in  the  libraries  of  the  North 
to  one  at  the  South.  But  we  need  not  compare  aggregates 
when  the  difference  is  so  overwhelming.  The  Sunday  School 
libraries  of  the  North  are  nearly  twice  as  great  as  the  College 
libraries  of  the  South;  and  the  College  libraries  of  the 
North  greater  than  all  the  libraries  of  the  South. 

Maine  has  more  volumes  in  her  libraries  than  South  Caro 
lina,  Rhode  Island  than  Virginia,  or  even  more  than  all  the 
live  states,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and 
Florida;  and  Massachusetts  more  than  all  the  fifteen  slave 
States. 

Michigan  and  Arkansas  are  very  nearly  equal,  both  in  age 
and  territory,  Michigan  having  been  admitted  into  the  Union 
in  1837,  and  Arkansas  in  1836 ;  while  the  area  of  Michigan  is 
56,243  square  miles,  and  that  of  Arkansas  52,198.  Michigan 
has  107,943  volumes  in  her  libraries,  Arkansas  has  420 ;  a 
ratio  of  257  to  1. 

The  public  school  libraries  alone  of  the  single  state  of 
New  York,  contain  more  than  twice  as  many  volumes  as  all 
the  libraries  together  of  the  whole  Souths  Nor  are  we  to 
suppose  that  because  Common  School  Libraries,  they  are  neces 
sarily  inferior  either  in  cost  or  character.  "YVe  learn  from  the 
American  Almanac  for  the  present  year,  that  in  the  State  of 
Illinois  "  690  school  libraries,  of  321  volumes  each,  were  dis 
tributed  throughout  the  state.  The  aggregate  cost  of  these 
221,490  volumes  was  $147,222,  or  an  average  of  $213  for 
each  library." 

If  the  New  York  common  school  libraries  were  purchased 
at  a  similar  cost,  (over  sixty-six  cents  per  volume,)  their  value 
is  doubtless  greater  than  that  of  all  the  libraries  in  the  fifteen 
slave  States. 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW* 


103 


V. ILLITERATE. 

Thus  far  the  large  figures  have  been  all  in  one  direction,  but 
here  the  case  is  different.  The  South  is  in  advance  and  still 
advancing. 

The  following  tables,  Nos  XLIII.  and  XLIV.,  show  the 
number  unable  to  read  and  write.  It  will  be  seen  that  the 
number  of  native  white  citizens  of  this  class  in  the  free  States 
is  248,725,  and  in  the  slave  States  493,026,  a  number  about 
twice  as  great  hi  a  population  of  far  less  than  half. 

The  number  of  native  white  adults  who  cannot  read  and 
write,  in  the  State  of  Tennessee,  is  77,017,  in  a  white  popula 
tion  of  756,836.  The  number  in  New  York,  23,241,  in  a 
white  population  of  3,048,325. 

TABLE  XLm. 

Persons  in  the  Slave  States  over  Twenty  Years  of  Age  who  cannot  Read  and 

Write. 


SLAVE  STATES. 

Whites. 

Free 
Colored. 

Natives. 

Foreign. 

Native 
Whites. 

Alabama  

33  757 

235 

33  853 

139 

33,618 

Arkansas     

16  819 

116 

16  908 

27 

16,792 

Delaware 

4  536 

5  645 

9  777 

404 

4,132 

Florida  

3,859 

270 

3  834 

295 

3,564 

Georgia  

41,200 

467 

41  261 

406 

40,794 

Kentucky  

66  687 

3  019 

67  359 

2347 

64,340 

Louisiana 

21  221 

3  389 

18  339 

6  271 

14,950 

Maryland  

20,815 

21,062 

38,426 

3,451 

17,364 

Mississippi  

13405 

123 

13,447 

81 

13,324 

Missouri  

36  281 

497 

34  917 

1,861 

34,420 

North  Carolina 

73  566 

6  857 

80  083 

340 

73,226 

South  Carolina 

15  684 

880 

16  460 

104 

15,580 

Tennessee  

77,522 

1,097 

78,114 

505 

77,017 

Texas  

10,525 

58 

8,095 

2,488 

8,037 

Virginia  

77  005 

11,515 

87,383 

1,137 

75,868 

Total  .  . 

512,882 

55,230 

548,256 

19,856 

493,026 

The  number  in  Georgia  is  40,794,  in  a  white  population  of 
521,572,  and  of  Pennsylvania  it  is  41,944,  in  a  white  popula 
tion  of  2,258,160. 


104 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


Again.  The  number  of  white  inhabitants  over  twenty  years 
of  age,  in  the  state  of  New  Hampshire,  is  174,232.  The 
number  of  native  white  adults  who  cannot  read  and  write,  is 
893,  or  1  in  201.  In  Connecticut  it  is  1  in  277  ;  in  Vermont 
1  in  284 ;  and  in  Massachusetts  1  in  517.  In  South  Carolina, 
on  the  other  hand,  it  is  1  in  7  ;  in  Virginia  1  in  5,  and  in  North 
Carolina  1  in  3. 

Such  facts  as  these  show  the  condition  and  character  of  the 
schools  in  the  North  and  the  South  more  clearly  than  all  other 
statistics  combined. 

TABLE  XLIV. 

Persons  in  the  Free  States  over  Twenty  Years  of  Age  who  cannot  Read  and 

Write. 


FREE  STATES. 

Whites. 

Native 
Whites. 

Natives. 

Foreign. 

Free 
Colored. 

California             •      • 

5  118 

117 

2  318 

2  917 

2  201 

Connecticut  
Illinois  

4,739 
40054 

567 
1  229 

1,293 
35  336 

4,013 
5  947 

826 
34  107 

Indiana 

70  540 

2  170 

69  445 

3  265 

67  275 

Iowa  

8,120 

33 

7  076 

1  077 

7  043 

Maine.  .  .      

6  147 

135 

2  134 

4  148 

1  999 

^Massachusetts    . 

27  539 

806 

1  861 

26  484 

1  055 

Michigan 

7  912 

369 

5  272 

3  009 

4  903 

New  Hampshire  

2,957 

52 

945 

2  064 

893 

New  Jersey  

14,248 

4,417 

12  787 

5  878 

8  370 

New  York 

91  293 

7429 

30  670 

68  052 

23  241 

Ohio  

61,030 

4,990 

56,958 

9,062 

51  968 

Pennsylvania  

66,928 

9,344 

51  288 

24  989 

41  944 

Rhode  Island 

3340 

267 

1  248 

2  359 

981 

Vermont  

6,189 

51 

616 

5,624 

565 

"Wisconsin  

6,361 

92 

1  551 

4,902 

1  459 

Total 422,515       32,068     280,793     173,790       248,725 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE    PRESS. 

IN  the  language  of  DeBow  :  "  In  every  country  the  press 
must  be  regarded  a  great  educational  agency.  Freedom  of 
speech  and  of  the  press  are  the  inalienable  birthright  of  every 
American  citizen,  and  constitute  the  aegis  of  his  liberties." 

The  earliest  newspaper  in  North  America  was  the  Boston 
News-Letter,  issued  April  24,  1704.  There  were  in  1775  but 
37  Newspapers  in  the  American  Colonies.* 

Of  these  there  were  three  in  South  Carolina,  two  in  each  of 
the  States  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina,  and  one  in 
Georgia;  making  in  all  10  hi  the  present  slaveholding  States. 
In  New  Hampshire  there  was  one,  two  in  Rhode  Island,  four 
in  Connecticut,  the  same  number  in  New  York,  seven  in  Mas 
sachusetts,  and  nine  in  Pennsylvania ;  making  27  in  the  present 
non-slaveholding  States.  At  that  time  the  white  population 
in  the  two  sections  was  very  nearly  equal. 

The  following  tables  show  the  number  of  papers  and  their 
circulation,  in  the  several  States,  in  1810 ;  also  the  number  of 
papers  in  1828,  and  of  papers  and  periodicals  in  1840.  They 
also  show  the  character  of  the  newspaper  and  periodical  press, 
the  number  of  copies  printed  annually,  the  number  of  papers, 
and  the  circulation  of  each  class,  in  1850. 

• 

*  It  will  be  perceived  by  looking  on  the  54th  page  of  the  Census  Com 
pendium,  that  there  is  a  descrepancy  between  the  several  numbers  and  the 
amount  given.  I  presume  the  separate  numbers  to  he  correct. 

(105) 


106 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


TABLE   XLV. 

Newspapers  and  Periodicals  in  the  Slave  States  in  1810,  1828  and  1840. 


1810. 

1828, 

1840 

SLAVE   STATES. 

Papers. 

Circulation. 

Papers. 

Papers 
and  Peri 
odicals. 

Alabama  

10 

28 

Arkansas  

2 

9 

Delaware  ... 

2 

166  400 

4 

8 

Florida  

2 

10 

Georgia  

13 

707  200 

18 

40 

Kentucky  

17 

618  800 

23 

46 

Louisiana  . 

11 

763  900 

9 

37 

Maryland  

21 

1  903  200 

37 

49 

Mississippi  
Missouri  

4 

83,200 

6 
5 

31 
35 

North  Carolina  

10 

416  000 

20 

29 

South  Carolina  

10 

842  400 

16 

21 

Tennessee 

6 

171  600 

8 

56 

Texas  

Virginia  

23 

1  289  600 

34 

56 

Total  

117 

6  962  300 

194 

455 

TABLE   XL VI. 

Newspapers  and  Periodicals  in  the  Free  States  in  1810,  1828,  and  1840. 


1810. 


1828. 


1840. 


FREE  STATES 

Papers. 

Circulation. 

Papers. 

Papers 
and  Peri 
odicals. 

California  

Connecticut  

11 

657  800 

33 

44 

Illinois  

4 

52 

Indiana  

1 

15  600 

17 

76 

Iowa  

4 

Maine  

29 

41 

Massachusetts  

32 

2  873  000 

78 

105 

Michigan  

2 

33 

New  Hampshire    . 

12 

624  000 

17 

33 

New  Jersey  

8 

332  800 

22 

40 

?Tew  York  

66 

4  139  200 

161 

302 

Ohio  

14 

473  200 

66 

143 

Pennsylvania  . 

4  542  200 

185 

2*09 

Rhode  Island  

7 

339  800 

14 

18 

Vermont  

14 

68°  400 

21 

33 

Wisconsin  

6 

Total  

236 

14  673  000 

649 

1  159 

A    STATISTICAL    \IEAV. 


107 


TABLE    XLVII. 
Newspapers  and  Periodicals  Published  in  the  Slave  States,  1850. 


SLAVE 
STATES. 

Daily. 

Tri-Weekly. 

Semi-Weekly. 

Weekly. 

Number. 

Si*!1 

§3-33 

fit! 

Number. 

h*£ 
IH| 

<%&%  3 

Number. 

Number 
of  copies 
printed 
annually. 

Number. 

%*%*>% 
|S'J| 

tali 

Alabama  
Arkansas  . 

6 

869,201 

6 

266,500 

48 
9 
7 
9 
37 
38 
37 
54 
46 
45 
40 
27 
36 
29 
55 

1.509.040 
'377:000 

.maw 

288.WO 
2.60H.776 
3,053,024 
1,646,684 
3,166.124 
1.507,064 
2.406,500 
1,530;204 
1.413,880 
2,139.644 
771,524 
2,518,568 

^ 

Delaware  
Florida.. 

62,400 

1 
3 
7 
6 
4 
4 
4 
5 
5 
2 
5 
12 

31,200 
146.380 
1,125.280 
676.000 
499.700 
245.440 
273,000 
414.310 
549,250 
266,240 
525,400 
1,416,550 

5 
9 
11 

6 

1.086,110 
2,243.584 
9.947.140 
15,806,500 

Kentucky  
Louisiana  
Maryland  

Mississippi  .  . 

5 

3,380,400 

North  Carolina. 

South  Carolina.. 
Tennessee  

8 

5,070,600 
4,407,666 

Texas  

Virginia  

15 

4,992,350 

Total.  .  . 

7?, 

47.803.551      63 

6.435.250 

3 

62.400 

517 

25.296.492 

TABLE    XLVIH. 

Newspapers  and  Periodicals  Published  in  the  Free  States,  1850. 


'  •  • 

FREE 

STATES. 

Daily. 

Tri-Weekly. 

Semi-Weekly. 

Weekly. 

Number. 

ll-l 

||  jf 

Number. 

is*? 
It'll 

§&!? 

Number 

Number 
of  copies 
printed 
annually. 

I 

Number 
of  copies 
printed 
annually. 

California  
Connecticut  
Illinois  

4 

8 
9 

626,000 
1,752  800 
1,120,540 
1,153,092 

3 
30 
84 
95 
25 
39 
126 
47 
35 
43 
308 
201 
261 
12 
30 
35 

135,200 
2.117.232 
3.575,936 
2.920,736 
923,000 
2,906,124 
20,371.104 
l.  or,.  7M 
3:538.152 
1.900,288 
39,205,920 
13.334.204 
5 

2.142.712 
1,395,992 

4 
4 

2 
2 
5 
4 
2 

374.400 
214.500 
196,000 

577.200 
302,900 
351.000 
62,000 

Iowa  . 

Maine 

4 

22 
3 

964,040 
40,498,444 
1,252,000 

Massachusetts  .  . 
Michigan  
N.  Hampshire  .  . 
New  Jersey  .  . 
New  York  
Ohio  

11 

2,070.016 
3,116,360 

6 
51 

26 
24 
5 
2 
6 

2J75.&50 
63.928.685 
14.285,6a3 
50.416,788 
1,768.450 
172160 
1,053,245 

8 
10 
2 

776.100 
1,047,930 
78,  

13 

"i" 

2 
1 

'62.400 
25,200 
228.800 

Pennsylvania    .  . 
Rhode  Island.  .  . 
Vermont  
Wisconsin  

4 

198.250 

Total  

177 

181,167,217 

47 

4,167,280 

28 

5,502,776 

1.374  124.47.-,  i  i!0 

108 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


TABLE    XLIX. 

Newspapers  and  Periodicals  published  in  the  Slave  States  in  1850. 


SLATE 
STATES. 

Semi-Monthly. 

Monthly. 

Quarterly. 

Aggregate.* 

Number. 

Number 
of  copies 
printed 
annually. 

Number. 

%>*%* 
a  3.Tc 

c  a  o  3 

iraf 

vT^SS 

Number. 

S*aa 

Si-si 
Irl.  I 

<<  ^s  s 

Number. 

Number 
of  copies 
printed 
annually. 

1 

18,000 

60 
9 
10 
10 
51 
62 
55 
68 
50 
61 
51 
46 
50 
34 
87 

2,662,741 
377,000 
4211200 
319,800 
4,070.866 
6,582,838 
12,410.224 
19,612,724 
1.752,504 
6.195,560 
2,020,564 
7,145,930 
6,940.750 
1,  2961924 
9,223,068 

Delaware  

Florida 

Geo^^ia 

6 

8 

228.600 
160,950 

""1     " 

Kentucky 

1 
3 

146,400 
92.400 

1 

48,000 

Missouri   

7 

135,600 

North  Carolina  
South  Carolina  

6 
5 

76.050 
102,600 

'  '9,600  ' 

"4" 

'i^oo' 

2 

Virginia           

3 

267,600 

i 

24,000 

1 

4,000 

Total   

30 

901,800 

16 

525,600 

3 

13,600 

704 

81,038,693 

*  This  aggregate  is  the  aggregate  of  this  table  together  with  the  last. 

TABLE    L. 

Newspapers  and  Periodicals  published  in  the  Free  States  in  1850. 


FREE 
STATES. 

Semi-Monthly. 

Monthly. 

Quarterly,    j       Aggregate.* 

!2j 

Number 
of  copies 
printed 
annually. 

* 

e 

y 

Number 
of  copies 
printed 
annually. 

Number. 

Number 
of  copies 
printed 
annually. 

: 
Number. 

' 

B^as; 

B  2.  -.  e 
c  p  6  9 

iHf 

-STP-gS 

California  

7 
46 
107 
107 
29 
49 
202 
58 
38 
51 
428 
261 
309 
19 
35 
46 

761.200 
4.267.932 
5,102,276 
4,316,828 
1,512,800 
4.203,0(54 
64.820,564 
3.247.'iy« 
3.067,552 
4,088,678 
115,3851473 
30.473.407 
84.898,672 
2.756.950 
2.567.662 
21665,487 

i 

7 

6.000 
147,200 

2 

1 

8.800 
900 

Illinois  

3 
1 

43,200 
48,000 

Iowa  

2 
1 

29 
3 
2 

12,600 
30,000 
1,357,200 
1231600 
13,800 

Maine 

Massachusetts  .  .  . 

3 
^ 

1 
2 
9 
23 
19 

61.800 
1341400 
15.600 
23,040 
1.704,000 
1,781,640 
6,972;000 

7 

24,000 

New  Hampshire  .  . 
New  Jersey  

36 

6,629,808 

3 
1 
2 

24.600 
24,000 
7,600 

Ohio  

Pennsylvania  .... 
Rhode  Island 

Vermont  

2 
1 

24.000 
18,000 



Total 

64  1  10,783,680 

84 

8,362,208 

16 

89900 

1,790 

334,146,281 

*  This  aggregate  is  the  aggregate  of  this  table  together  with  the  last. 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW. 


109 


TABLE    LI. 

Cfiaracter  of  the  Newspaper  and  Periodical  Press. — Number  of  copies 
printed  annually  in  the.  Slave  States,  as  given  in  1850. 


SLAVE  STATES. 

Literary 

ami    Mis.'vl- 
laneous. 

Neutral 
and  Inde 
pendent. 

Political. 

Religious. 

Scien- 
tific. 

Alabama  
Arkansas  

265.200 
171  600 

313,000 

1,889,169 
205,400 
374,400 
202.800 
1,491,350 
5,245,888 
8,350.224 
4,196,924 
1  519  024 

158,400 

36,972 

10,800 

117,666' 
239.200 
429,450 
62,000 

669,400 



Florida  

(Jeonria 

1,411,976 
650,800 

.;.-,:.  :;<«. 

14,»;M.(MK) 
XX  AM 
608,800 
26*5.200 
474,800 
206,200 
3,50.324 
247,880 

747,346 
250,400 
3,335,100 
8,400 

isftoo 

6,300 

ir,  ;.;.«) 
84,000 

Kentucky  

Lmii-iana  

M.'irvland 

Mississippi  

Missouri... 

6,496,280 
U57.W4 
4,310,930 
6,138,580 
660,400 
6,606,176 

90,480 
182,980 
1  .win  jo 
195.500 
187,800 
1,001,112 

North  Carolina 

113,750 
2,140.400 
503,930 
148,400 
1,261900 

South  Carolina  

24,800 

Tennessee 

Texas  


24,000 

Virginia  

Total  .  .                                   .1  20,245,860  !  8,812,620 

47,243.209 

4,364,832      372,672 

TABLE    LII. 

Character  of  the  Newspaper  and  Periodical  Press. — Numlter  of  copies 
printed  annually  in  the  Free  States,  as  given  in  1850. 


FREE  STATES. 

Literary 
and  Miscel 
laneous. 

Neutml 
and  Inde 
pendent. 

Political. 

Religious. 

Scientific. 

California      

135,200 

626,000 

Connecticut    
Illinois  

721,700 

'403,776 

3,422,432 

3,384.  U'.'J 

223,200 
499.044 

7,200 
93,600 

Indiana                 ..           .    . 

647  .7)4 

3,569  324 

100000 

:w  IKK) 

187  200 

1  281  800 

7  six) 

Maine  

'.'-7  21'! 

2  .711,680 

27").*^) 

Massachusetts   
Michigan   

11,794,804 

456,500 

13,591,000 
26,000 

82,991 

2.556,836 

4,406,20Q 
184,400 

2,088,260 

New  Hampshire  

579,480 
181  640 

93966 

1,67«.«172 
882.S  138 

77KJHKI 

36,400 

New  York   .  . 

]H.44'.uiii; 

::7.:!i7.oi<i 

46,468,016 

12.4.TK.432 

Ohio            

4,220,805 

1-  966  2^2 

.'{.:';;»  2  in 

1-7  _"" 

18  515  028 

21  908  548 

.'!7  v"*:  Wt 

6,588,136 

78,000 

Rhode  Island 

280  8(X) 

782  500 

1  »!'»3  660 

Vermont 

208600 

2,026,480 

333,632 

Wisconsin  

130,000 

2,517,487 

18,000 

Total  

57,478,768 

79,156,733 

163,583,668 

29,280,652 

4,521,260 

10 


110 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


n 


Circula 
tion. 


Number. 


Circula 
tion. 


Number. 


Circula. 
tion. 


Number. 


Circula 
tion. 


Number. 


Circula 
tion. 


Number. 


Circula 
tion. 


Number. 


5  § 


int-r-'<i< 
i—  ir-coco 


c£>COaO<MCOt~COmeOr-<00 


OOvOOO      •  O  tfS  O  O  O  «O 
ioo<Mom     -"-ttMOi-om 


<N  ^  <N  i-i  CO      . 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW. 

as  cs  GO  m 
i— 1 1^.  m  r—  o  i— i  r- 


Circula- 
tion. 


Number. 


-«f  O 


Ill 


Circula 
tion. 


Number. 


Circula 
tion. 


OOO 
ec^-i 


Number. 


Circula 
tion. 


Number. 


<U3OSO>i-H 


Circula 
tion. 


*  w  !    Number. 


T*<  I-H         •    _l         •    05    F-l 


^H  >n  o  (M  i-H 


Circula 
tion. 


Or  >Q  O  )O  C4  CT 


ooooTf 

1-1  O-  O»  <D 


Number. 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

sippi,  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  Texas,  together  less  than  Massa 
chusetts. 

In  the  fifteen  slave  states,  81,000,000 ;  in  Pennsylvania, 
84,000,000;  in  New  York,  115,000,000;  and  in  the  sixteen 
free  states,  334,000,000. 


CHAPTER    X. 


POST    OFFICE    DEPARTMENT. 

THE  Mowing  tables,  Nos.  LV.,  LVI,  and  LVII.,  will 
show  the  amounts  actually  credited  for  the  transportation  of 
the  mails  in  the  several  States,  and  the  amount  of  postages  col 
lected  in  the  same,  for  the  fiscal  years  ending  June  30,  1850, 
and  June  30,  1855. 

Few  tables  can  be  more  suggestive,  or  more  amply  repay  a 
careful  investigation,  than  these. 

At  the  present  day,  the  energy  and  business  character  of  a 
people,  their  roads,  railroads,  steamboats,  and  other  means  of 
transportation,  are  all  given,  in  a  word,  in  their  Post-Office 
reports. 

TABLE    LV. 

Showing  the  Amounts  actually  credited  for  the  Transportation  of  Mails,  and 
the  Amounts  of  Postage  collected  in  the  Slave  and  Free  States  in  1850. 


SLAVE 
STATES. 

Total  Postage 
Collected. 

Transporta 
tion. 

FREE 
STATES 

Total  Postage 
Collected. 

Transporta 
tion. 

Alabama  .  .  . 
Arkansas  ..  . 
Delaware  ..  . 
Florida  
Georgia  ...  . 
Kentucky  .  . 
Louisiana  .  . 
Maryland  .... 
Mississippi  .  .  . 
Missouri  
N.  Carolina.. 
S.  Carolina... 
Tennessee  .  .  . 
Texas  
Virginia  

$75,937  75 
17.215  53 
12:521  38 
13.793  24 
101.749  42 
86.472  49 
116.936  06 
121,864  61 
55.536  01 
83,787  95 
46,647  07 
76.108  62 
64.185  86 
28.474  12 
141,579  13 

$143.798  70 
61,244  90 
6.489  87 
31,701  55 
146,772  94 
87,121  70 
68.464  61 
143,150  97 
84.256  58 
101,313  23 
154,977  40 
108.488  80 
74,142  59 
114,744  83 
169,687  83 

California  .... 
Connecticut..  . 
Illinois  

$227.152  82 
119,971  81 
115,184  53 
8-3:638  03 
26.568  86 
8!».761  92 
358.120  72 
62,387  69 
59.902  20 
6f>,156  20 
93:3.977  13 
286.311  24 
396,699  91 
3!».328  34 
58,965  44 
60,72535 

$111,515  87 
62,176  13 
156,685  71 
76,225  82 
24,850  05 
46:69025 
132,164  84 
39.634  58 
27,662  00 
42,813  37 
324,970  14 
138,836  32 
146,105  64 
12,088,20 
50,643  93 
34,759  77 

Iowa  

Maine  
Massachusetts. 
Michigan  
N.  Hampshire. 
New  Jersey  
New  York  
Ohio 

Pennsylvania  . 
Rhode  Island.  . 
Vermont  
Wisconsin  .... 

Total... 

$1,042,809  24 

SI  .496.356  50 

Total... 

$2.975.852  19 

$1.427.822  63 

(115) 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

sippi,  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  Texas,  together  less  than  Massa 
chusetts. 

In  the  fifteen  slave  states,  81,000,000;  in  Pennsylvania, 
84,000,000;  in  New  York,  115,000,000;  and  in  the  sixteen 
free  states,  334,000,000. 


CHAPTER    X. 


POST    OFFICE    DEPARTMENT. 

THE  following  tables,  Nos.  LV.,  LVI.,  and  LVIL,  will 
show  the  amounts  actually  credited  for  the  transportation  of 
the  mails  in  the  several  States,  and  the  amount  of  postages  col 
lected  in  the  same,  for  the  fiscal  years  ending  June  30,  1850, 
and  June  30,  1855. 

Few  tables  can  be  more  suggestive,  or  more  amply  repay  a 
careful  investigation,  than  these. 

At  the  present  day,  the  energy  and  business  character  of  a 
people,  their  roads,  railroads,  steamboats,  and  other  means  of 
transportation,  are  all  given,  in  a  word,  in  their  Post-Office 
reports. 

TABLE    LV. 

Showing  the  Amounts  actually  credited  for  the  Transportation  of  Mails,  and 
the  Amounts  of  Postage  collected  in  the  Slave  and  Free  States  in  1850. 


SLAVE 

STATES. 

Total  Postage 
Collected. 

Transporta 
tion. 

FREE 
STATES 

Total  Postage 
Collected. 

Transporta 
tion. 

Alabama  
Arkansas  
Delaware  
Florida  
Georgia  
Kentucky  
Louisiana  .... 
Maryland  
Mississippi  
Missouri  
N.  Carolina.  .  . 
S.  Carolina...  . 
Tennessee  .... 
Texas  
Virginia  

$75,937  75 
17.215  53 
12;521  38 
13.793  24 
101.749  42 
86.472  49 
116.936  06 
121,864  61 
55,536  01 
83,787  95 
46,647  07 
76,108  62 
64.185  86 
28.474  12 
141,579  13 

$143.798  70 
61,244  90 
6.489  87 
31,701  55 
146,772  94 
87,121  70 
68,464  61 
143,150  97 
84,256  58 
101,313  23 
154,977  40 
108.488  80 
74,142  59 
114,744  83 
169,687  83 

California  .... 
Connecticut..  . 
Illinois  

$227,152  82 
119,971  81 
115,184  53 
88,68808 
2t>.568  86 
8H.761  92 
358.120  72 
62,387  69 
59.90220 
06.156  20 
933.977  13 
286,311  24 
89r,,«99  91 
311.328  34 
K  96644 
60,72535 

$111,515  87 
62,176  13 
156,685  71 
76,225  82 
24,850  05 
46,690  25 
132,164  84 
39.634  58 
27i662  00 
42.813  37 
324^970  14 
138,836  32 
146,105  64 
12,088,20 
50.643  93 
34,759  77 

Iowa  

Massachusetts. 
Michigan  
N.  Hampshire. 
New  Jersey..  .  . 
New  York  
Ohio  
Pennsylvania  . 
Rhode  Island.  . 
Vermont  
Wisconsin  

Total... 

Sl.'42>(i:r24 

SI  .496.356  50 

Total... 

$2.975.852  19 

$1,427,822  63 

(115) 


116 


THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 


TABLE    LVL 

Showing  the  Amounts  actually  credited  for  the  Transportation  of  the  Mails, 
and  the  Amount  of  Postage  collected  in  the  Slave  States  in  1855. 


SLATE  STATES. 

Letter 
Postage. 

Newspaper 
Postage. 

Stamps 
Sold. 

Total  Post 
age 
Collected. 

Transporta 
tion. 

Alabama  

$46  416 

$13  583 

$44514 

$104  514 

$226  816 

16  894 

4828 

8941 

30  664 

117  659 

Delaware  

9,967 

2377 

7,298 

19644 

9243 

Florida 

8  167 

2343 

8  764 

19275 

77  553 

Georgia  

69,117 

16,066 

73,880 

149,063 

216003 

Kentucky 

59307 

15065 

55694 

130  067 

144161 

Louisiana  

69,140 

13,833 

50,778 

133,753 

133,810 

Maryland 

82029 

31  712 

77  743 

191  485 

192  743 

Mississippi  

36,092 

11,464 

31,182 

78,739 

170,785 

Missouri  
North  Carolina.  .  .  . 
South  Carolina  
Tennessee  

71,372 
26,831 
36,156 
42,070 

14,537 
11,692 
8,075 
13,238 

53,742 
34235 

47,368 
48,377 

139,652 

72,759 
91,600 
103,686 

185,096 
148.249 
192:216 
116,091 

Texas  

37,373 

8,532 

24,530 

70436 

209  93G 

Virginia 

92  562 

28499 

96  799 

217  861 

245  592 

Total  ..  . 

$693.493 

$195.844 

$66,845 

$1.553.198 

82.385.953 

TABLE    LVIL 

Showing  the  Amounts  actually  credited  for  the  Transportation  of  the  Mails, 
and  the  Amount  of  Postage  collected  in  the  Free  States  in  1855. 


FREE  STATES. 

Letter 
Postage. 

Newspaper 
Postage 

Stamps 
Sold. 

Total  Post 
age 
Collected. 

Transporta 
tion. 

California  

$141,833 

$11,319 

$81,437 

$234,591 

$135  386 

Connecticut  
Illinois  

75,691 
142,177 

24,254 
32,457 

79,284 
105,252 

179.230 

279,887 

81,462 
280,038 

95  248 

24578 

60,578 

180  405 

190  480 

Iowa  

44,540 

9,680 

28,198 

82,420 

84,428 

Maine 

75  779 

15413 

60165 

151  358 

82218 

Massachusetts  .... 
Michigan  

239,894 
77.223 

33,226 
15,201 

259,062 
49,763 

532^84 
142,188 

153^91 
148,204 

New  Hampshire.  .  . 
New  Jersey  
New  York  

46,225 
66,645 
734,453 

10,995 
11,556 
106,206 

38,387 
31,495 

542,498 

95,609 
109,697 
1,383,157 

46,631 
80,084 
481,410 

Ohio 

237457 

47,227 

167,958 

452,643 

421,870 

Pennsylrania  
Rhode  Island  

301,646 
23,812 
44  465 

64,073 
4,520 
12036 

217,293 
30,291 
36314 

583,013 
58,624 
92816 

251,833 
13.891 
64  437 

Wisconsin  

65,406 

13,959 

33,538 

112,903 

92,842 

Total... 

$2.412.494 

8436.700 

81.719.513 

$4.670.725 

$2.608.295 

A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  117 

A  few  of  the  facts  which  stand  forth  prominent  in  these  Ta 
bles,  are  the  following : 

In  1850,  only  two  slave  States,  Delaware  and  Louisiana, 
paid  for  the  transportation  of  their  mails  by  the  amount  of 
postages  collected. 

Of  the  free  states,  Illinois  alone  did  not. 

In  the  slave  States,  the  postages  for  that  year  less  than  paid 
for  the  transportation,  by  nearly  half  a  million  of  dollars.  In 
the  free  States,  the  postages  more  than  paid  for  the  transporta 
tion,  by  over  a  million  and  a  half  of  dollars. 

In  1855,  this  difference  is  very  greatly  increased. 

The  postages  of  the  slave  States  less  than  paid  the  cost  of 
transportaion  by  over  $800,000,  while  the  free  State  postages 
more  than  paid  the  transportation,  by  over  $2,000,000. 

In  the  slave  territory,  the  only  State  which  paid  for  trans 
portation  of  its  mails,  by  its  postages,  was  Delaware.  In  the 
free  States,  the  only  States  which  did  not,  were  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Iowa,  and  Michigan. 

Neither  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Mississippi,  Ala 
bama,  or  Texas,  paid  half  the  expense  of  transporting  their 
mails,  by  postages  received ;  while  Florida  paid  less  than  a 
fourth,  and  Arkansas  less  than  a  fifth. 

Massachusetts  paid  for  her  own  transportation,  and  had  a 
surplus  remaining  of  more  than  four  times  the  amount  of  post 
age  collected  in  South  Carolina. 

New  Hampshire,  Connecticut,  and  Pennsylvania,  each  paid 
for  their  transportation,  by  their  postages,  more  than  twice 
over,  and  Rhode  Island  more  than  four  fold. 

The  postages  of  New  York  are  not  an  eighth  less  than  those 
of  all  the  slave  States,  while  the  expense  of  transportation  is 
but  little  more  than  one-fifth  the  expense  in  those  States. 

The  fifteen  slave  States  did  not  pay,  by  postages,  two-thirds 
the  expense  of  transporting  their  mails. 

The  free  States  paid  for  theirs,  and  had  a  surplus  of  over 


118  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

$2,000,000 ;   half  a  million  more  than  all  the   postages  col 
lected  in  the  slave  States. 

In  other  words,  the  free  States,  in  this  matter,  support  them 
selves,  pay  the  deficit  in  the  slave  States  and  have  over 
$1,200,000  besides. 


CHAPTER  XI. 


VALUE    OF    CHURCHES,  AND  AMOUNT    OF  CONTRIBUTIONS  FOR 
CERTAIN   BENEVOLENT    OBJECTS. 

THE  following  tables,  Nos.  LVIII.  and  LIX.  show  the 
amount  contributed  hi  the  several  States,  for  the  Missionary, 
Tract,  and  Bible  cause,  by  all  the  principal  Christian  denomi 
nations,  except  the  Methodist.  This  denomination  is  not 
included  in  the  tables,  from  the  fact  that  all  receipts  are  re 
turned  by  conferences,  which  are  frequently  made  up  of  several 
parts  of  States,  thus  precluding  the  possibility  of  separating  so 

TABLE  LVIII. 

Showing  the  Amount  contributed  in  the  Slave  States  for  purposes  of  Christian 
Benevolence  in  1855,  together  with  the  Value  of  Churches  in  1850. 


SLAVE  STATES. 

Amount  con 
tributed  for 
the  Bible 
cause. 

Amount  con 
tributed  for 
Missionary 
purposes. 

Amount  con 
tributed  for 
the  Tract 
cause. 

Value  of 
Churches, 
1850. 

Alabama 

$3,351 
2,950 
1,037 
1,957 
4,532 
5,956 
1,810 
8,909 
1,067 
4,711 
6,197 
3,984 
8,383 
3,985 
9,296 

$5,963 
455 
1,003 
340 
9,846 
6,953 
334 
20,677 
4,957 
2,712 
6,010 
15,248 
4,971 
349 
22,106 

$477 
110 
163 
5 
1,468 
1,366 
1,099 
5,365 
267 
936 
1,419 
3,222 
1,807 
127 
6,894 

$1,244,741 
149,686 
340,345 
192,600 
1,327,112 
2,295,353 
1,940,495 
3,974,116 
832,622 
1,730,135 
907,785 
2,181,476 
1,246,951 
408,944 
2,902,220 

Arkansas  

Delaware  

Florida  

Georgia 

Kentucky  

Louisiana  

Maryland  

Mississippi  .  . 

Missouri  

North  Carolina  

South  Carolina    . 

Tennessee 

Texas  .. 

Virginia 

Total.. 

$68.125 

$101.934 

$24.725 

$21.674.581 

(119) 


120 


THE   NORTH   AND    THE    SOUTH. 


TABLE    LIX. 

Showing  the  Amount  contributed  in  the  Free  States  for  purposes  of  Christian 
Benevolence  in  1855,  together  with  the  Value  of  Churches  in  1850. 


FREE  STATES. 

Amount  con 
tributed  for 
the  Bible 
cause. 

Amount  con 
tributed  for 
Missionary 
purposes. 

Amount  con 
tributed  for 
the  Tract 
cause. 

Value  of 
Churches. 

1850. 

California  .  . 

$1  900 

$192 

$5 

$288  400 

Connecticut 

24  528 

48  044 

15  872 

3  599  330 

Illinois  

28  403 

10  040 

3  786 

1  532  305 

Indiana  

6  755 

4  705 

1  491 

1  568  906 

Iowa  .  . 

4  216 

1  750 

2  005 

235  412 

Maine^ 

5  449 

13  929 

1  794  209 

Massachusetts*  

43  444 

128  505 

10  504  888 

Michigan 

5  554 

4  935 

1  114 

793  180 

New  Hampshire*  
New  Jersey  

6,271 
15  475 

11,963 
19  946 

3  546 

1,433,266 
3  712  863 

New  York.  . 

123  386 

172  115 

61  233 

21  539  561 

Ohio 

25  758 

19  890 

9  576 

5  860  059 

Pennsylvania  
Rhode  Island  .  .  .    .V.  . 
Veriflbnt* 

25,360 
2,669 
5  709 

43,412 
9,440 
11  094 

12,121 
2,121 

11,853,291 
1,293,600 
1  251  655 

Wisconsin  

4  790 

2  216 

474 

512  552 

Total  .. 

$319  667 

$502  174 

$131  972 

$67  773  477 

*  $18,628  as  given  in  the  Report  for  the  four  together. 


as  to  give  the  amount  from  each  State.  Indeed,  there  is  some 
difficulty  in  dividing  the  amount  justly  between  the  slave  and 
free  States  ;  but  this  is  not  as  great  as  in  dividing  it  between 
all  the  several  States,  since  the  sum  collected  in  all  the  confer 
ences,  made  up  partly  of  slave  and  partly  of  free  Territory,  is 
but  $35,000,  which  could  make  but  little  difference  in  the 
result,  however  it  might  be  divided.  The  amount  collected  for 
the  Tract  cause  and  the  support  of  missions,  was,  for  the  past 
year,  in  the  Northern  conferences,  $225,000,  of  which  $35,000 
was  from  conferences  embracing  both  slave  and  free  territory. 
According  to  the  Annals  of  Southern  Methodism,  for  the  year 
1855,  the  amount  raised  in  the  Methodist  Church  South,  in  the 
year  1854,  was  $168,931,  "and  for  the  year  just  closing,  the 
amount  will  fall  somewhat  below  that,"  says  the  author. 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  121 

Taking  these  facts  and  dividing  the  $35,000  according  to 
the  best  of  our  information,  the  amount  contributed  for  these 
purposes,  in  the  Methodist  Church,  is  a  few  thousand  dollars 
greater  in  the  free  than  in  the  slave  States.  This  of  course 
is  exclusive  of  the  operations  of  the  "  Book  Concern,"  &c.,  &c. 

The  amount  contributed  by  all  other  denominations  is  given 
by  States  in  the  tables,  which  are  compiled  from  the  last 
annual  report  of  the  several  societies. 

The  amount  contributed  in  the  slave  States,  for  the  Bible 
cause,  was,  during  the  past  year,  $68,125 ;  in  the  free  States, 
$319,667  ;  a  ratio  of  over  4  1-2  to  1.  The  amount  contributed 
for  the  support  of  missions  was,  in  the  slave  States,  $101,934, 
and  in  the  free  States,  $502,174 ;  almost  exactly  five  dollars  to 
one.  The  amount  contributed  in  the  slave  States  for  the  pub 
lication  and  distribution  of  Tracts,  was  $24,725 ;  and  in  the 
free  States,  $131,972;  a  ratio  still  greater,  and  over  five  dol 
lars  at  the  North  to  one  at  the  South.  The  amount  contributed 
in  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  for  the  support  of  missions,  is 
greater  than  in  all  the  slave  States,  while  the  amount  contrib 
uted  in  the  State  of  New  York,  both  for  the  missionary  and 
Bible  cause,  was  nearly  twice  as  great  as  in  all  the  territory  of 
slavery. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  value  of  Churches  in  the  slave  States 
is  $21,674,581,  and  in  the  free  States,  $67,773,477 ;  a  ratio  of 
more  than  3  to  1  —  the  Churches  of  New  York  being  equal  in 
value  to  those  of  the  fifteen  slave  States. 

The  amount  contributed  in  the  several  States  for  the  various 
benevolent  objects  which  from  time  to  time  present  themselves, 
it  is  impossible  to  ascertain.  But  the  report  of  the  Portsmouth 
Relief  Association,  just  published,  shows  the  amount  received 
from  the  different  States  "  For  the  relief  of  Portsmouth,  Va., 
during  the  prevalence  of  the  yellow  fever  in  that  town  in 
1855."  It  is  certainly  gratifying  to  see  that  the  call  for  help 
was  so  promptly  answered  from  the  most  distant  States.  The 
amount  of  money  contributed  by  the  slave  States,  exclusive  of 
11 


122  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

Virginia,  in  which  State  the  sickness  prevailed,  was  $12,182. 
In  the  free  States  it  was  $42,547,  or  3  and  1-2  times  as  much 
in  the  free  as  in  the  slave  States.  Including  the  State  of  Vir 
ginia,  the  amount  given  by  the  slave  States  was  $33,398,  or 
$9,141  more  given  by  the  sixteen  free  States  than  by  the  fif 
teen  slave  States.  This  is  exclusive  of  provisions  and  other 
valuable  supplies,  amounting  to  thousands  of  dollars,  sent  from 
all  parts  of  the  Union. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

THE    LAWS    OF   KANSAS. 

THAT  our  readers  may  understand  exactly  what  the  laws  are 
which  the  free  State  men  in  Kansas  are  now  threatened  with 
death  for  disobeying,  we  present  such  portions  of  the  statute 
book  of  that  Territory  as  relate  especially  to  the  institution  of 
slavery.  The  public  must  judge  whether  or  not  the  laws  de 
serve  the  epithets,  "  outrageous,"  "  unconstitutional,"  "  disgrace 
ful,"  lately  bestowed  on  them  by  Mr.  Cass,  Mr.  Geyer,  and  Mr. 
Weller.  The  title  of  the  volume  from  which  we  quote,  is : 
"  The  Statutes  of  the  Territory  of  Kansas,  passed  at  the  first 
Session  of  the  Legislative  Assembly,  one  thousand  eight  hun 
dred  and  fifty-five.  To  which  are  affixed,  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  and  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and 
the  Act  of  Congress  organizing  said  Territory,  and  other  Acts 
of  Congress  having  immediate  relation  thereto.  Printed  in 
pursuance  of  the  statute  in  such  cases  made  and  provided. 
Shawnee  M.  L.  School:  John  T.  Brady,  Public  Printer. 
1855."*  Pp.  1058. 

ELECTIONS.  —  (Chapter  66,  section  11,  page  332.) 

Every  free  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and 
every  free  male  Indian,  who  is  made  a  citizen,  by  treaty  or  oth- 

*  This  volume  is  extremely  rare.  There  is  thought  to  be  but  one  copy 
in  New  England  —  the  one  we  have  used  —  which  belongs  to  Dr.  T.  H. 
Webb,  of  the  Emigrant  Aid  Company.  At  the  treaty,  recently  made  by 
Gov.  Shannon  with  the  free  State  men  at  Lawrence,  it  was  one  of  the 
stipulations  that  two  copies  of  this  work  should  be  furnished  the  people 
of  Lawrence.  We  have  not  learned  whether  the  governor  keeps  his 
promises  as  well  as  usual. 

(123) 


124  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

erwise,  and  over  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  who  shall  be  an 
inhabitant  of  this  Territory,  and  of  the  county  or  district  in 
which  he  offers  to  vote,  and  shall  have  paid  a  Territorial  tax, 
shall  be  a  qualified  elector  for  all  elective  officers ;  and  all  In 
dians  who  are  inhabitants  of  this  Territory,  and  who  may  have 
adopted  the  customs  of  the  white  man,  and  who  are.  liable  to 
pay  taxes,  shall  be  deemed  citizens  ;  Provided,  that  no  soldier, 
seaman,  or  marine,  in  the  regular  army  or  navy  of  the  United 
States,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  by  being  on  service  therein ; 
And  provided  further,  that  no  person  who  shall  have  been  con 
victed  of  any  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  an  act  of 
Congress,  entitled,  "  An  act  respecting  fugitives  from  justice, 
and  persons  escaping  from  the  service  of  their  masters,"  ap 
proved  February  12th,  1793  ;  or  of  an  act  to  amend  and  sup 
plementary  to  said  act,  approved  18th  September,  1850; 
whether  such  conviction  were  by  criminal  proceeding,  or  by 
civil  action  for  the  recovery  of  any  penalty  prescribed  by  either 
of  said  acts,  in  any  court  of  the  United  States,  or  any  State  or 
Territory,  of  any  offence  deemed  infamous,  shall  be  entitled  to 
vote  at  any  election,  or  to  hold  any  office  in  this  Territory ;  And 
provided  further,  that  if  any  person  offering  to  vote  shall  be 
challenged  and  required  to  take  an  oath  or  affirmation,  to  be 
administered  by  one  of  the  judges  of  the  election,  that  he  will 
sustain  the  provisions  of  the  above  recited  acts  of  Congress, 
and  of  the  act  entitled,  "  An  act  to  organize  the  Territories  of 
Nebraska  and  Kansas,"  approved  May  30,  1854,  and  shall 
refuse  to  take  such  oath  or  affirmation,  the  vote  of  such  person 
shall  be  rejected. 

SEC.  12.  Every  person  possessing  the  qualification  of  a 
voter,  as  herein  above  prescribed,  and  who  shall  have  resided 
in  this  Territory  thirty  days  prior  to  the  election  at  which  he 
may  offer  himself  as  a  candidate,  shall  be  eligible  as  a  delegate 
to  the  house  of  representatives  of  the  United  States,  to  either 
branch  of  the  legislative  assembly,  and  to  all  other  offices  in 
this  territory,  not  otherwise  especially  provided  for ;  Provided 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  125 

however,  that  each  member  of  the  legislative  assembly,  and 
every  officer  elected  or  appointed  to  office  under  the  laws  of 
this  territory,  shall,  in  addition  to  the  oath  or  affirmation  spec 
ially  provided  to  be  taken  by  such  officer,  take  an  oath  or 
affirmation  to  support  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  the 
provisions  of  an  act,  entitled,  "  An  act  respecting  fugitives  from 
justice  and  persons  escaping  from  the  service  of  their  masters," 
approved  February  12,  1793;  and  of  an  act  to  amend  and 
supplementary  to  said  last  mentioned  act,  approved  September 
18th,  1850 ;  and  of  an  act,  entitled,  "  An  act  to  organize  the 
Territories  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas,"  approved  May  30, 
1854. 

OFFICERS. — (Chapter  117,  section  1,  page  516.) 

All  officers  elected  or  appointed  under  any  existing  or  subse 
quently  enacted  laws  of  this  Territory,  shall  take  and  subscribe 

the  following  oath  of  office :  "  I do  solemnly  swear, 

upon  the  holy  Evangelists  of  Almighty  God,  that  I  will  sup 
port  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  that  I  will  sup 
port  and  sustain  the  provisions  of  an  act,  entitled,  '  An  act  to 
organize  the  Territories  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas,'  and  the 
provisions  of  the  law  of  the  United  States,  commonly  known 
as  the  'Fugitive  Slave  Law?  and  faithfully  and  impartially, 
and  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  demean  myself  in  the  discharge 
of  my  duties  in  the  office  of ;  so  help  me  God." 

JURORS.  —  (Chapter  92,  section  13,  page  444.) 
No  person  who  is  conscientiously  opposed  to  the  holding  of 
slaves,  or  who  does  not  admit  the  right  to  hold  slaves  in  this 
Territory,  shall  be  a  juror  in  any  cause  in  which  the  right  to 
hold  any  person  in  slavery  is  involved,  nor  in  any  cause  in 
which  any  injury  done  to  or  committed  by  any  slave  is  in  issue, 
nor  in  any  criminal  proceeding  for  the   violation  of  any  law 
enacted  for  the  protection  of  slave  property  and  lor  the  punish 
ment  of  crimes  committed  against  llio  right  to  such  property. 
11* 


126  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

ATTORNEYS  AT  LAW.  —  (Chapter  11,  section  3,  page  132.) 
Every  person  obtaining  a  license  (to  practice  law)  shall 
take  an  oath,  or  affirmation,  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  and  to  support  and  sustain  the  provisions  of  an 
jict,  entitled,  "  An  act  to  organize  the  Territories  of  Nebraska 
and  Kansas,"  and  the  provisions  of  an  act,  commonly  known  as 
ihe  "  Fugitive  Slave  Law,"  and  faithfully  to  demean  himself  in 
his  practice,  to  the  best  of  his  knowledge  and  ability.  A  cer- 
1  ificate  of  such  oath  shall  be  endorsed  on  the  license. 

SLAVES.  —  (Chapter  151 ;  page  715.) 
An  Act  to  punish  offences  against  slave  property. 

SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted,  by  the  Governor  and  Legislative 
Assembly  of  the  Territory  of  Kansas,  That  every  person,  bond 
or  free,  who  shall  be  convicted  of  actually  raising  a  rebellion, 
or  insurrection  of  slaves,  free  negroes  or  mulattoes,  in  this  Ter 
ritory,  shall  suffer  death. 

SEC.  2.  Every  free  person,  who  shall  aid  and  assist  in  any 
rebellion  or  insurrection  of  slaves,  free  negroes,  or  mulattoes, 
or  shall  furnish  arms,  or  do  any  overt  act  in  furtherance  of 
such  rebellion  or  insurrection,  shall  suffer  death. 

SEC.  3.  If  any  free  person  shall,  by  speaking,  writing,  or 
printing,  advise,  persuade,  or  induce  any  slaves  to  rebel,  con 
spire  against,  or  murder  any  citizen  of  this  Territory,  or  shall 
bring  into,  print,  write,  publish,  or  circulate,  or  cause  to  be 
brought  into,  printed,  written,  published,  or  circulated,  or  shall 
knowingly  aid  or  assist  in  the  bringing  into,  printing,  writing, 
publishing,  or  circulating  in  this  Territory,  any  book,  paper, 
magazine,  pamphlet  or  circular,  for  the  purpose  of  exciting 
insurrection  on  the  part  of  the  slaves,  free  negroes,  or  mulattoes, 
against  the  Territory,  or  any  part  of  them,  such  person  shall 
be  guilty  of  felony  and  suffer  death. 

SEC.  4.  If  any  person  shall  entice,  decoy,  or  carry  away  out 
of  this  Territory,  any  slaves  belonging  to  another,  with  the 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  127 

intent  to  deprive  the  owner  thereof  of  the  services  of  such 
slaves,  or  with  intent  to  effect  or  procure  the  freedom  of  such 
slave,  he  shall  be  adjudged  guilty  of  grand  larceny,  and,  on 
conviction  thereof,  shall  suffer  death,  or  be  imprisoned  at  hard 
labor  for  not  less  than  ten  years. 

SEC.  5.  If  any  person  aids  or  assists  in  enticing,  decoying, 
or  persuading,  or  carrying  away,  or  sending  out  of  this  Terri 
tory,  any  slave  belonging  to  another,  with  intent  to  procure  or 
effect  the  freedom  of  such  slave,  or  with  intent  to  deprive  the 
owner  thereof  of  the  services  of  such  slave,  he  shall  be  ad 
judged  guilty  of  grand  larceny,  and,  on  conviction  thereof,  shall 
suffer  death,  or  be  imprisoned  at  hard  labor  for  not  less  than 
ten  years. 

SEC.  6.  If  any  person  shall  entice,  decoy,  or  carry  away  out 
of  any  State  or  other  Territory  of  the  United  States,  any  slave 
belonging  to  another,  with  intent  to  procure  or  effect  the  freedom 
of  such  slave,  or  to  deprive  the  owner  thereof  of  the  services 
of  such  slave,  and  shall  bring  such  slave  into  this  Territory,  he 
shall  be  adjudged  guilty  of  grand  larceny,  in  the  same  manner 
as  if  such  slave  had  been  enticed,  decoyed,  or  carried  away  out 
of  the  Territory,  and  in  such  case  the  larceny  may  be  charged 
to  have  been  committed  in  any  county  of  this  Territory,  into  or 
through  which  such  slave  shall  have  been  brought  by  such  per 
son,  and,  on  conviction  thereof,  the  person  offending  shall  suffer 
death,  or  be  imprisoned  at  hard  labor  for  not  less  than  ten  years. 

SEC.  7.  If  any  person  shall  entice,  persuade,  or  induce  any 
slave  to  escape  from  the  service  of  his  master  or  owner  in  this 
Territory,  or  shall  aid  or  assist  any  slave  escaping  from  the 
service  of  his  master  or  owner,  or  shall  assist,  harbor,  or  con 
ceal  any  slave  who  may  have  escaped  from  the  service  of  his 
master  or  owner,  he  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  felony,  and  pun 
ished  by  imprisonment  at  hard  labor  for  not  less  than  live 
years. 

SEC.  8.  If  any  person  in  this  Territory  shall  aid  or  assist, 
harbor,  or  conceal  any  slave  who  has  escaped  from  the  service 


128  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

of  his  master  or  owner  in  another  State  or  Territory,  such  per 
son  shall  be  punished  in  like  manner  as  if  such  slave  had  es 
caped  from  the  service  of  his  master  or  owner  in  this  Terri 
tory. 

SEC.  9.  If  any  person  shall  resist  any  officer  while  attempt 
ing  to  arrest  any  slave  that  may  have  escaped  from  the  service 
of  his  master  or  owner,  or  shall  rescue  such  slaves  when  in 
custody  of  any  officer  or  other  person,  or  shall  entice,  persuade, 
aid,  or  assist  such  slave  to  escape  from  the  custody  of  any  offi 
cer,  or  other  person  who  may  have  such  slave  in  custody, 
whether  such  slave  has  escaped  from  the  service  of  his  master 
or  owner  in  this  Territory  or  in  any  other  State  or  Territory, 
the  person  so  offending  shall  be  guilty  of  felony,  and  punished 
by  imprisonment  at  hard  labor  for  a  term  not  less  than  two 
years. 

SEC.  10.  If  any  Marshal,  Sheriff,  or  Constable,  or  the  Dep 
uty  of  any  such  officer,  shall,  when  required  by  any  person, 
refuse  to  aid  or  assist  in  the  arrest  and  capture  of  any  slave 
that  may  have  escaped  from  the  service  of  his  master  or  owner, 
whether  such  slave  shall  have  escaped  from  his  master  or 
owner  in  this  Territory  or  any  other  State  or  Territory,  such 
officer  shall  be  fined  in  a  sum  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  nor 
more  than  five  hundred  dollars. 

SEC.  11.  If  any  person  print,  write,  introduce  into,  publish, 
or  circulate,  or  cause  to  be  brought  into,  printed,  written,  pub 
lished,  or  circulated,  or  shall  knowingly  aid  or  assist  in  bring 
ing  into,  printing,  publishing,  or  circulating  within  this  Terri 
tory,  any  book,  paper,  pamphlet,  magazine,  handbill,  or  circular, 
containing  any  statements,  arguments,  opinions,  sentiment,  doc 
trine,  advice,  or  inuendo,  calculated  to  produce  a  disorderly, 
dangerous  or  rebellious  disaffection  among  the  slaves  in  this 
Territory,  or  to  induce  such  slaves  to  escape  from  the  service 
of  their  masters,  or  resist  their  authority,  he  shall  be  guilty  of 
felony,  and  be  punished  by  imprisonment  at  hard  labor  for  a 
term  not  less  than  five  years. 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  129 

SEC.  12.  If  any  free  person,  by  speaking  or  writing,  assert 
or  maintain  that  persons  have  not  the  right  to  hold  slaves  in 
this  Territory,  or  shall  introduce  into  this  Territory,  print,  pub 
lish,  write,  circulate,  or  cause  to  be  written,  printed,  published, 
or  circulated  in  this  Territory,  any  book,  paper,  magazine, 
pamphlet,  or  circular  containing  any  denial  of  the  right  of  sue!  i 
persons  to  hold  slaves  in  this  Territory,  such  person  shall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  felony,  and  punished  by  imprisonment  at 
hard  labor  for  a  term  not  less  than  two  years. 

SEC.  13.  No  person  who  is  conscientiously  opposed  to  hold 
ing  slaves,  or  who  does  not  admit  the  right  to  hold  slaves  in 
this  Territory,  shall  sit  as  a  juror  on  the  trial  of  any  prosecu 
tion  for  the  violation  of  any  of  the  sections  of  this  act. 

This  act  to  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  the 
15th  day  of  September,  A.  D.  1855. 

Chapter  152,  page  718. 
An  Act  giving  meaning  to  the  word  "State." 

SEC.  1.  Wherever  the  word  "State"  occurs  in  any  act  of 
the  present  Legislative  Assembly,  or  any  law  of  the  Territory, 
in  such  construction  as  to  indicate  the  locality  of  the  operation 
of  such  act  or  laws,  the  same  shall  in  every  instance  be  taken 
and  understood  to  mean  "  Territory,"  and  shall  apply  to  the 
Territory  of  Kansas. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

EXTRACT    FROM    AN    ARTICLE    BY    CHARLES    C.  HAZE  WELL,  IN 
THE    BOSTON    DAILY    CHRONICLE,  OF   AUGUST    12,    1856. 

THE  first  Southern  authority  that  we  shall  quote,  is  that  of 
an  actor  in  the  business  spoken  of —  William  Moultrie.  There 
is  no  purer  name  connected  with  the  history  of  our  Revolution 
than  that  of  Moultrie.  He  commanded  the  American  forces 
that  successfully  defended  the  fort  on  Sullivan's  Island,  June 
28th,  1776,  against  a  strong  British  squadron  —  perhaps,  all 
things  considered,  the  most  gallant  action  of  the  war,  and  the 
last  that  was  fought,  so  far  as  we  know,  while  our  country  was 
still  in  a  formal  condition  of  colonial  dependence.  The  fort 
was  subsequently  named  after  him.  He  served  with  brilliancy 
and  usefulness  subsequently  to  the  date  mentioned,  and  rose  to 
the  rank  of  major-general  in  the  national  service.  He  was 
elevated  to  the  place  of  Governor  of  South  Carolina,  in  days 
when  men  thought  worthy  of  that  post  would  sooner  have  died 
than  have  approved  of  an  attempt  to  commit  murder.  In  1802, 
Governor  Moultrie  published,  in  two  volumes,  Memoirs  of  the 
American  Revolution,  so  far  as  it  related  to  the  States  of  North 
and  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  etc.  This  is  an  interesting 
work,  boldly  written  and  faithfully  compiled,  and  bearing  on 
every  page  evidences  of  the  author's  ability,  integrity,  and  en 
lightened  patriotism.  He  was,  in  short,  worthy  to  stand  side 
by  side  with  Marion,  Sumpter,  Laurens,  and  the  rest  of  those 
Carolina  soldiers  who  served  their  country  so  well,  and  whose 
eminent  worth  has  ever  been  admitted  by  all  Northern  men. 
When  the  British  Gen.  Prevost  (Moultrie  calls  him  Provost) 
appeared  before  Charleston,  May  llth,  1770,  Gen.  Moultrie 

(130) 


A    STATISTICAL    VIEW.  131 

was  appointed  to  command  the  troops  in  that  town,  by  Gov 
ernor  Rutledge  and  the  council,  who  were  then  and  there  pres 
ent.  He  represents  the  governor  to  have  been  much  fright 
ened,  overrating  the  enemy's  force,  and  underrating  that  of  the 
Americans.  Governor  Rutledge,  says  Gen.  Moultrie,  "  repre 
sented  to  me  the  horrors  of  a  storm ;  he  told  me  that  the  State's 
engineer  (Col.  Senf )  had  represented  to  him  the  lines  to  be  in 
a  very  weak  state :  after  some  conversation,  he  proposed  to  me 
the  sending  out  a  flag,  to  know  what  terms  we  could  obtain ; 
I  told  him,  I  thought  we  could  stand  against  the  enemy ;  that  I 
did  not  think  they  could  force  the  lines ;  and  that  I  did  not 
choose  to  send  a  flag  in  my  name,  but  if  he  chose  it,  and  would 
call  the  council  together,  I  would  send  any  message :  they 
requested  me  to  send  the  following,  which  was  delivered  by 
Mr.  Kinloch : 

"  General  Moultrie  perceiving  from  the  motions  of  your  army,  that 
your  intention  is  to  besiege  the  town,  would  be  glad  to  know  on  what 
terms  you  would  be  disposed  to  grant  a  capitulation,  should  he  be  in 
clined  to  capitulate."  (Moultrie's  Memoirs,  vol.  I.,  p.  427.) 

To  this  message,  Gen.  Prevost  made  a  reply,  full  of  those 
promises  which  the  British  commanders  were  so  ready  to  give, 
and  equally  ready  to  break  after  their  enemies  had  been  de 
luded  into  placing  faith  in  them.  This  letter  was  given  to  the 
governor,  who  called  a  meeting  of  the  council,  at  which  Moul 
trie,  Pulaski,  and  Laurens  were  present.  The  question  of 
giving  up  the  town  was  argued,  the  military  men  all  advising 
the  civilians  not  to  think  of  surrendering,  and  showing  that  the 
enemy  could  be  beaten  off;  but  Gov.  Rutledge  would  have  it 
that  the  American  force  was  much  exaggerated,  and  was  ready 
to  believe  in  any  statement  that  exaggerated  the  British  strength. 
Finally,  Gen.  Moultrie  was  authorized  to  send  an  answer  to 
Gen.  Prevost,  refusing  to  surrender  on  the  latter's  terms,  but 
offering,  if  he  would  appoint  an  officer  to  confer  on  terms,  to 


132  THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

send  one  to  meet  him,  at  such  time  and  place  as  Gen.  Prevost 
might  fix  on.     Gen.  Moultrie  says : 

"  When  the  question  was  carried  for  giving  up  the  town  upon  a  neutrality, 
T  will  not  say  who  was  for  the  question  but  this  I  well  remember,  that  Mr. 
John  Edwards,  one  of  the  privy  council,  a  worthy  citizen,  and  a  very 
respectable  merchant  of  Charleston,  was  so  affected  as  to  weep,  and  said, 
'  What,  are  we  to  give  up  the  town  at  last? ' 

"  The  governor  and  council  adjourned  to  Colonel  Beekman's  tent  on 
the  lines,  at  the  gate.  I  sent  for  Colonel  John  Laurens  from  his  house,  to 
request  the  favor  he  would  carry  a  message  from  the  governor  and  coun 
cil  to  General  Prevost ;  but  when  he  knew  the  purpose,  he  begged  to  be 
excused  from  carrying  such  a  message  that  it  was  much  against  his  incli 
nation  ;  that  he  would  do  anything  to  serve  his  country ;  but  he  could  not 
think  of  carrying  such  a  message  as  that !  I  then  sent  for  Colonel 
M'Intosh,  and  requested  he  would  go  with  Colonel  Roger  Smith,  who 
was  called  on  by  the  governor,  with  the  message ;  they  both  begged  I 
would  excuse  them ;  hoped,  and  requested  I  would  get  some  other  per 
son.  I,  however,  pressed  them  into  a  compliance ;  which  message  was  as 
follows : 

"  '  I  propose  a  neutrality  during  the  war  between  Great  Britain  and  America, 
and  the  question,  WHETHER  THE  STATE  SHALL  BELONG  TO  GREAT  BRI 
TAIN,  OR  REMAIN  ONE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  ?  be  determined  by 
the  treaty  of  peace  between  those  two  powers.'  "  (Memoirs,  Vol.  I.,  pp. 
432-33. 

John  Marshall,  so  long  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court,  a  Virginian  by  birth,  and  a  man  of  the  highest 
reputation,  has  given  a  brief  account  of  what  happened  at 
Charleston  after  Prevost's  arrival  before  it.  "  The  town  was 
summoned  to  surrender,"  he  says,  "  and  the  day  was  spent  in 
sending  and  receiving  flags.  The  neutrality  of  South  Carolina, 
during  the  war,  leaving  the  question  whether  that  State  should 
finally  belong  to  Great  Britain  or  the  United  States  to  be  settled 
in  the  treaty  of  peace,  was  proposed  by  the  garrison  and 
rejected  by  Prevost."  (Marshall's  Life  of  Washington,  vol.  I. 
pp.  298-9,  Phil,  ed.,  1832.) 

Among  the  historians  of  the  American  Revolution  is  Dr. 
Ramsay,  of  South  Carolina,  whose  history  was  published  in 


A   STATISTICAL   VIEW.  133 

1789.  In  his  account  of  what  happened  at  Charleston,  after 
Gen  Prevost's  arrival  before  that  place,  occurs  the  following 
passage  :  "  Commissioners  from  the  garrison  were  instructed  to 
propose  a  neutrality  during  the  war  between  Great  Britain  and 
America,  and  that  the  question  whether  the  State  shall  belong 
to  Great  Britain,  or  remain  one  of  the  United  States,  be  de 
cided  by  the  treaty  of  peace  between  these  powers."  The 
British  commanders  refused  this  advantageous  offer,  alleging 
that  they  had  not  come  in  a  legislative  capacity,  and  insisted 
that,  as  the  inhabitants  and  others  were  in  arms,  they  should 
surrender  prisoners  of  war.  (Ramsay,  p.  425.) 

The  last  authority  we  shall  quote  is  Professor  Bowen.*  Af 
ter  mentioning  the  proposal  made  to  the  British  commander,  he 
comments  on  it  as  follows : 

"  This  proposal  did  not  come  merely  from  the  commander  of  a  military 
garrison,  in  which  case,  of  course,  it  would  have  been  only  nugatory ;  the 
governor  of  the  State,  clothed  with  discretionary  powers,  was  in  the 
place,  and  probably  most  of  his  council  along  with  him.  Whether  such 
a  proposition  would  have  been  justifiable  under  any  circumstances  is  a 
question  that  needs  not  be  discussed ;  at  any  rate,  it  would  not  have 
evinced  much  honorable  or  patriotic  feeling.  But  to  make  such  an  offer 
in  the  present  case  was  conduct  little  short  of  treason.  Till  within  a  fort 
night,  not  an  enemy's  foot  had  pressed  their  ground ;  and  even  now,  tho 
British  held  no  strong  position,  had  captured  none  of  their  forts,  and 
occupied  only  the  little  space  actually  covered  by  the  army  in  front  of  the 
town.  The  garrison  equalled  this  army  in  strength,  and  might  safely  bid 
it  defiance.  No  succors  were  at  hand  for  the  British,  while  the  certain 
arrival  of  Lincoln  within  a  week  would  place  them  between  two  fires,  and 
make  their  position  eminently  hazardous.  Yet,  with  these  prospects  be 
fore  them,  the  authorities  of  the  place  made  a  proposition,  which  was 
equivalent  to  an  offer  from  the  State  to  return  to  its  allegiance  to  the  British 
croicn.  The  transaction  deserves  particular  notice  here,  because  the  sur 
render  of  Charleston,  in  the  following  year,  a  surrender  brought  about  by 
the  prevalence  of  the  same  unpatriotic  feelings,  was  made  the  ground  of 
some  very  unjust  reflections  on  the  conduct  of  Lincoln,  their  military 
commander."  (Life  of  Benjamin  Lincoln,  in  Spark's  American  Biogra 
phy,  Sec.  Ser.,  vol.  XIII.,  pp.  285-6  " 

*  Of  Harvard  University. 
12 


134        THE  NORTH  AND  THE  SOUTH. 

"  The  Committee  appointed  to  take  into  consideration  the  circumstances 
of  the  Southern  States,  and  the  ways  and  means  for  their  safety  and 
defence,  report,  that  the  State  of  South  Carolina  (as  represented  by  the 
delegates  of  said  State,  and  by  Mr.  Huger,  who  has  come  here  at  the 
request  of  the  governor  of  said  State,  to  explain  the  circumstances 
thereof,)  is  UNABLE  to  make  any  effectual  efforts  with  militia,  by  reason 
of  the  great  proportion  of  citizens  necessary  to  remain  at  home  to  prevent 
insurrection  among  the  negroes,  and  to  prevent  the  desertion  of  them  to 
the  enemy.  That  the  state  of  the  country  and  the  great  number  of 
these  people  among  them,  expose  the  inhabitants  to  great  danger  from 
the  endeavor  of  the  enemy  to  excite  them  to  revolt  or  desert."  (From 
the  Secret  Journal  of  the  Continental  Congress,  vol.  I,  page  105,  under 
date  of  March  29,  1779.) 


14  DAY  USE 

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